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Human Factors > Cardio Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardio Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of the atmosphere?

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other gasses

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2
Q

What is the universal gas equation? What does each symbol mean?

A 
PVαT
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
α = Proportional
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3
Q

Define Boyles Law?

A

Volume is the inverse direct proportional relationship between pressure at a constant temperature.

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4
Q

Define Charles Law?

A

Volume is the direct proportional relationship between temperature at constant pressure.

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5
Q

Define Henrys Law?

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid.

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6
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level in millimetres of mercrury?

A

760 mm Hg

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7
Q

Daltons Law

A

The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the constituent gases alone.

Daltons law is a sum of all these gases.

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8
Q

Grahams Law

A

Grahams law states that gas will diffuse through a membrane from high to low pressure.

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9
Q

Definition of Alveoli?

A

Alveoli are membranes where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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10
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli at mean sea level?

A

103mm Hg

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11
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) in the atmosphere?

A

160mm Hg

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12
Q

Why is pp02 lower than the alveoli pp?

A

Because air that enters the lungs is humidified by upper air ways, thus increased water vapour displaces the oxygen. The partial pressure of water vapour is 47mm Hg) this reduces the oxygen partial pressure to 150mm Hg.

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13
Q

What is the atmosphere air pressure?

A

760mm Hg

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14
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at 10,000ft?

A

55mm Hg

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15
Q

Between 10,000ft and 33,700ft we should breathe?

A

An 02/ air mix which increase in 02 with an increase in altitude.

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16
Q

At 33,700 ft we should be breathing?

A

Pure oxygen (100% O2 0% Air)

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17
Q

What is the alveoli partial pressure at 33,700ft?

A

103mm Hg

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18
Q

At 40,000 we should be breathing?

A

100% oxygen, 0% air

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19
Q

At 40,000ft breathing we should be breathing?

A

100% oxygen

20
Q

Above 40,000ft we should breathing?

A

100% pushed under pressure.

21
Q

What is the alveolar partially pressure at 33,700ft

A

103mm Hg

22
Q

What is the alveolar partial pressure at 40,000ft?

A

55mm Hg

23
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Barotrauma is tissue damage that results from the expansion and shrinkage of gas in enclosed spaces and is a direct effect of the gas volume changes.

24
Q

What is Otic barotrauma?

A

Otic (meaning ear) barotrauma.

25
Q

What is atmosphere otic.

A

Pressure in middle ear, throat and atmosphere is equal.

26
Q

What is Ascent Otic Barotrauma?

A

On ascent expanding air in middle ear has to escape to escape through eustachian tube to equalise pressure on either side of eardrum.

27
Q

What is descent otic barotrauma?

A

On descent air is sucked into the middle ear through eustachian tube to equalise lower pressure in middle ear with higher atmospheric pressure.

28
Q

What happens if air is prevented from leaving or entering the middle ear?

A

If air is prevented the eardrum will be distorted by the difference in pressure causing pain and possible damage. This is called otic barotrauma.

29
Q

How can you get pressure build up in the ear?

A

Sinus congestion, infections.

30
Q

How do you perform Valsalva manoeuvre? When should you perform it?

A

To help clear ears on descent if swallowing, yawning, and chewing do not work then the Valsalva manoeuvre can be used.
Close mouth – pinch nose – gently exhale into the pharynx and nasal region.
This will help open eustachian tubes and equalise pressure in middle ear.

31
Q

What is aerodontalgia?

A

Teeth with pockets Teeth with pockets of air behind fillings may expand during ascent.
With increase in altitude causes these pockets of air to expand.
They may even explode causing considerable pain.

32
Q

Common causes of sinus congestion?

This can cause?

A

Cold, flu and allergies.

The sinus can become blocked on ascent and descent causing sinus barotrauma. Sinus barotrauma causes facial pain

33
Q

How much air contains between 0ml to 400ml?

A

400ml of air.

34
Q

Symptoms of trapped expanded air?

A

They can vary from mild discomfort to severe pain. However it usually only become a problem above 25,00ft.

35
Q

The danger in the lungs during flight?

A

Potential risks arises from very rapid decompression, but provided the individual breathes out during the decompression, lung damage is extremely rare.

36
Q

When does decompression Sickness (DCS)?

A

Occurs in association with the exposure during reduced atmospheric pressure.

37
Q

How does decompression sickness occur?

A

It occurs when there is a formulation of nitrogen bubbles in the blood stream and tissues

38
Q

Decompression may result due to?

A

Prolonged flight at high cabin altitudes above 18,000 ft.

Flying shortly after scuba diving.

39
Q

Symptoms of decompression sickness include?

A 
Joint and limb pains (the bends)
Skin disturbances (creeps)
Chest pain and dry coughs (chokes)
Neurological symptoms (staggers)
40
Q

CASA restrictions concerning diving and flying?

A

Do not fly within 4 hours at a depth not more than 10m (33’)

If depths greater than 10m:
If dive was less than 4 hours: no flying for 12 hours.
If dive was for more than 4 hours, no flying for 48 hours.
Requires decompression stops on ascent.

41
Q

Other factors that increase decompression sickness are?

A

Age
Obesity
Exercise
Alcohol

42
Q

In ascents above ‘___‘ft and especially over ‘___‘ft in unpressurized aircraft present a significant incidence (__%-__%) of decompression sickness.

A

In ascents above 18,000 ft and especially over 25,000ft in unpressurized aircraft present a significant incidence (35%-55%) of decompression sickness

43
Q

DCS may occur as a result of?

A

Prolonged flights at high altitudes above 18,000ft

Flying shortly after scuba diving

44
Q

To avoid DCS pilot may breathe in ‘__’% ‘__’ to reduce amount of ‘____’ in body

A

To avoid DCS pilot may breathe in 100% O2 to reduce amount of nitrogen in body

45
Q

What is ‘the bends’?

A

Caused by excess nitrogen in the body

46
Q

Carbon dioxide?

A

Is a product produced by the combustion process.

Contributes to warming in the atmosphere.

Human Factors (19 decks)

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