Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Board Studying - NPTE > Cardio Pulm Review > Flashcards

Cardio Pulm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary action of Expectorant agents?

A

Increase respiratory secretions, which help to loosen mucus. Reducing the viscosity of secretions and increasing sputum volume improves the efficiency of the cough reflex and ciliary action in removing accumulated secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary action of Mucolytic Agents?

A

Decrease the viscosity of mucus secretions by altering their composition and consistency, making them easy to expectorate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is Oxygen therapy indicated?

A

In patients with PaO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the indications for tracheostomy?

A

airway obstruction at or above the level of the larynx and respiratory failure requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the ratings of the Angina Pain Scale?

A

1 - mild, barely noticeable
2 - moderate, bothersome
3 - moderately severe, very uncomfortable
4 - most severe or intense pain ever experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the values for the ABI?

A

> = 1.3 - indicates rigid arteries and need for an ultrasound test to check for PAD
1-1.3 - Normal; no blockage
.8-.99 - mild blockage, beginnings of PAD
.4-.79 - Moderate blockage, may be associated with intermittent claudication during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the ABI calculated?

A

High of the two blood pressure measurements in ankles/ higher of the two systolic BP measurements in the arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the S1 heart sound characterized by?

A

(lub) 1st heart sound closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the onset of ventricular systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the S2 heart sound characterized by?

A

(dub) 2nd heart sound - closure of the aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves at the onset of ventricular diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the S3 heart sound characterized by?

A

vibrations of the distended ventricle walls due to passive flow of blood from the atria during the rapid filling phase of diastole

Normal in health young children, abnormal in adults associated with heart failure - “ventricular gallup”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the S4 heart sound characterized by?

A

Pathologic sound of vibration of the ventricular wall with ventricular filling and atrial contraction

May be associated with ht., stenosis, hypertensive heart disease or MI - “atrial gallup”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the path of blood flow through the heart

A

O2 poor blood enters right atrium via SVC and IVC->tricuspid valve opens and blood enters the right ventricle-> pulmonary valve opens and blood enters pulmonary artery to go to the lungs -> O2 rich blood returns to heart from lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium -> mitral valve opens allowing blood to flow into the left ventricle -> aortic valve opens pushing blood into the aorta and then to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe normal tracheal and bronchial sounds

A

loud tubular sounds, normally heard over the trachea

Inspiratory phase shorter than expiratory phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe normal vesicular breath sounds

A

high pitched, breezy sounds normal heard over the distal airways

Inspiratory phase longer than expiratory phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe crackles (formerly rales)

A

Discontinuous, high pitched popping sound more often heard during inspiration

Often heard in the bases of the lungs with interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe pleural friction rub

A

dry, crackling sound heard during both inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe Ronchi

A

continuous low-pitched sounds described as having a snoring or gurgling quality that may be heard during inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe stridor

A

Continuous high pitched wheeze heard with inspiration or expiration

Indicative of upper airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe wheeze

A

Continuous musical or whistling sound compose of a variety of pitches

Arise from turbulent airflow and the vibrations of the walls of small airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe bronchial breath sounds

A

abnormal breath sounds that are heard where vesicular sounds are normally present. (pneumonia may produce these sounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Broncophony

A

Increased vocal resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken words (e.g. 99)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Egophony

A

A form of bronco phony in which the long “E” changes to a long nasal sounding “A”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe whispered pectoriloquy

A

recognition of whispered words “1, 2, 3”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are normal and abnormal fill times for capillary refill?

A

2 s - abnormal - capillary blood flow is compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the classifications for lymphedema?

A

Mild - 5cm difference between limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe premature atrial contractions (PAC)

A

ectopic focus in the atrium initiates an impulse before the SA node

P wave is premature with abnormal config

Common and generally benign

27
Q

Describe atrial flutter

A

ectopic, very rapid atrial tachycardia

Saw tooth shaped P waves

occurs with valvular disease, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopath, acute MI, chronic obstructive lung disease, and pulmonary emboli

28
Q

Describe Atrial fibrillation

A

Common arrhythmia where the atria are depolarized b/w 350-600x/min

*No discrete P waves

Occurs in healthy hears, CAD, HTN, and valvular disease

29
Q

Describe 1st degree AV block

A

PR interval longer than .2s but relatively constant from beat to beat

30
Q

Describe 2nd degree AV block

A

AV conduction disturbance in which impulses b/w atria and ventricles fail intermittently

Mobitz I - progressive prolongation of PR interval until one impulse is not conducted

Mobitz II - consecutive PR inervals are the same and normal followed by nonconduction of one or more impulses

31
Q

Describe 3rd Degree AV block

A

*Complete Heart block

All impulses are blacked at the AV node and none are transmitted to the ventricles

Atrial Rate >ventricular rate due to independent pacing

32
Q

Describe premature ventricular complex

A

Premature depolarization arising in ventricles do to ectopic focus

P wave usually absent w/ wide aberrant shaped QRS complex

Common arrhythmia that occurs in healthy and diseased hearts

33
Q

Describe V-tach

A

3 or more consecutive PVCs at a ventricular rate > 150 bpm

V-tach longer than 30s is a life threatening arrhythmia

Can degenerate into v-fib causing cardiac arrest

34
Q

Describe v-fib

A

Ventricles do not beat in a coordinated fashion but fibrillate or quiver asynchronously and ineffectively

No cardiac output - pt becomes unconscious

Requires immediate defib

35
Q

Describe ventricular asystole

A

ventricular standstill with no rhythm

Requires immediate CPR and medications to stimulate cardiac activity

36
Q

What are some signs of Myocardial ischemia and infarction?

A

ST segment depression

ST segment elevation

Q wave - longer than .04 msec and larger than 1/3 the amplitude of the R wave

T wave inversion - occurs hours or days after MI as a result of a delay in repolarization produced by the injury

37
Q

What are the absolute indications for terminating a exercise stress test?

A

Drop in SBP >10 mmHg from baseline despite increase in workload

Moderately severe angina

Increasing nervous system symptoms

Signs of poor perfusion (cyanosis, pallor)

Sustained V-tach

1.0mm ST elevation w/o diagnostic Q-waves

38
Q

Where do you palpate for the ulnar artery pulse?

A

at the wrist between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi ulnaris tendons

39
Q

Where do you palpate for the posterior tibial artery?

A

in the space between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon, above the calcaneus

40
Q

What are the characteristics of an obstructive ventilatory impairment?

A
  • Decreased expiratory flows
  • Airway narrowing during exhalation causes a disproportionate reduction of maximal air flow compared to the max volume displaced from the lungs
  • *FEV1/FVC
41
Q

What are the characteristics of restrictive ventilatory impairment?

A
  • Reduced lung volumes and relatively normal expiratory flow rates
  • Inferred from spirometry when FVC is reduced and FEV1/FVC is normal or >80%
  • Pathologies: interstitial lung disease, tumors, pleural diseases, chest wall deformities, obesity, pregnancy, neuromuscular disease, and tumor
42
Q

What are the SpO2 values to potentially refer a patient for supplemental O2?

A
43
Q

How do you measure Rate Pressure Product (RPP)?

A

RPP = HR x SBP

-Correlates with the onset of angina and can be used as a measure to keep exercise prescription below that value to avoid angina and signs of MI

44
Q

At what RPE value represents 70% of max HR during exercise?

A

13-14

45
Q

What RPE value corresponds to the upper limit of prescribed training heart rate early in cardiac rehab?

A

11-13

46
Q

Normal respiratory rate in new borns?

A

33-45 bpm

47
Q

Normal Respiratory rate in 1 year olds?

A

25-35 bpm

48
Q

What is the Inspiration to expiration rate in COPD?

A

1:3 or 1:4

49
Q

What is the Karvonen formula for target heart rate?

A

Lower THR: {(HRmax - HRrest) x 40%} +HRrest

Upper THR: {(HRmax - HRrest) x 85%} +HRrest

50
Q

What are the three phases of Active Cycle breathing?

A

Breathing control, thoracic expansion, forced expiratory technique

51
Q

What is autogenic drainage?

A

Theorized to improve airflow in the small airways to facilitate mucus movement through three phases - unsticking phase: slow breathing at low volumes through the nose w/ 2-3s breath holds; Collecting phase - breathing at tidal volume w/ interspersed 2-3s breath-holds; Evacuating phase: deeper inspirations from low to mid inspiratory reserve volume with breath holding and a huff

*requires concentration and motivation to learn but can be done anywhere w/o another person or equipment

52
Q

What is paced breathing and exhale with effort?

A

A strategy to decrease the work of breathing and prevent dyspnea during activity for people experience shortness of breath to become less fearful of exercise and activity.. Inhalation with rest phase, exhalation with more active phase.

53
Q

What is pursed lip breathing?

A

A simple technique to reduce respiratory rate, reduce dyspnea and maintain a small positive pressure in the bronchioles which may help prevent airway collapse in pts w/ emphysema

54
Q

Describe Segmental breathing

A

Technique used to facilitate chest wall expansion through therapist pressure to a segment of the chest wall at the end of exhalation with pt direction to expand the rib cage under the therapists hands

55
Q

Describe Sustained maximal inhalation w/ incentive spirometer

A

A maximal inspiratory effort is held for three or more seconds at the point of maximum inspiration before exhalation

56
Q

What is the semi-fowlers position?

A

Supine w/ HOB elevated to 45 degrees and pillows under the knees for support - often used for patients with CHF or other cardiac conditions

57
Q

What are some examples of indications for cardiac rehab?

A
  • Medically stable post MI
  • Stable Angina
  • CABG
  • PTCA
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Heart transplant
  • PAD
58
Q

What is phase 1 of cardiac rehab?

A

Phase 1 (Inpatient): patient/family education, self-care eval, continuous monitoring of vital signs, group discussions, and low level exercise.

Exercises include - AROM, ambulation and self care

3-5 days

59
Q

What is Phase 2 of cardiac rehab?

A

(Outpatient Cardiac rehab) Includes prescribed exercise, cardiac risk factor modification, education and counseling about diet and disease management.

After hospitalization can last from 6-12 weeks

60
Q

What is an example of exercise that takes

A

Walking slowly at home or office, toileting, driving a car, making a bed, cooking

61
Q

What are some examples of exercise that takes 3-6 METs?

A 
walking at 3-4 mph 3-7.0 METs
washing windows or a car
Sweeping
Power lawn mowing
carrying or stacking wood
slow dancing, table tennis
Sex
62
Q

What are some examples of things that take >6 METs?

A

Jogging 5mph, shoveling, carrying heavy loads, heavy farm work, backpacking, basketball, bicycling

63
Q

What are some indications for a pulmonary rehab program?

A

presence of respiratory impairnments including dyspnea at rest or with exertion, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, reduced exercise tolerance or decline of ability to perform ADLs due to - chronic brochitis, emphysema, asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, chest wall disease etc.

Board Studying - NPTE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions