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Cardio A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A

External Respiration= In the lungs
Internal respirations- In the body

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2
Q

What is the path of oxygen through the body?

A

Nose-nasopharynx-Larynx-trachea-bronchus-lungs

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3
Q

What are the 2 respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone (tubes)
Respiratory Zone (gas exchange)

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4
Q

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Associated Structures
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5
Q

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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6
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

“Tubes”

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7
Q

What is the path of the conducting zone?

A
  • Nose->Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea->Bronchi-> ->Bronchioles->Terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar Sacs
  • Alveoli
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10
Q

What membrane is double-layered and enclosed each lung?

A

Pleural Membrane

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11
Q

What membrane is the outer layer and attached the wall of the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal Pleura

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12
Q

What membrane is the inner layer attached to the lungs?

A

Visceral Pleura

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13
Q

What is the narrow space located between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid?

A

Pleural Cavity

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14
Q

When lungs inflate, what allows the pleura to adhere and move?

A

Surface tension

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15
Q

What cells secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the surface between cells and air moist?

A

Surfactant Cells

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16
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Reduce the tendency for alveoli to collapse

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17
Q

What removes fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces?

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

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18
Q

What are the muscles of inhalation?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal

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19
Q

What kind of process is inhalation?

A

Active Process

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20
Q

What kind of process is exhalation?

A

Passive Process

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21
Q

What muscles are used during forced exhalation?

A
  • Internal intercostal
  • External and internal obliques
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus Abdominis
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22
Q

What muscles are used during forced inhalation

A

Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene

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23
Q

How does gas move?

A

From high to low pressure

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24
Q

What is the process of used for oxygen to move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries

A

Diffusion

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25
Just before inhalation, what is the pressure inside the lungs?
- 760mmHG - same as pressure of atmosphere
26
As the diaphragm and external intercostal contract, what is the pressure alveolar pressure?
- 760mmHg-758 mmHg - alveolar pressure decreases
27
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, what is the alveolar pressure?
- 758mmHg- 762mmHg - Alveolar pressure increases
28
Upon inhalation, atmospheric pressure is what
Higher than alveolar pressure
29
Upon exhalation, atmospheric pressure is what
Lower than alveolar pressure
30
Atmospheric air pressure of O2 and CO2
PO2= 159mmHg PCO2= 0.3mmHg
31
Alveolar air pressure
PO2= 105mmHg PCO2= 40mmHg
32
Oxygenated blood air pressure
PO2= 100mmHg PCO2= 40mm Hg
33
Systemic tissue cells air pressure
PO2= 40mm Hg PCO2= 45mm Hg
34
Deoxygenated blood air pressure
PO2= 40mm Hg PCO2= 45mm Hg
35
How much tidal volume does not participate in as exchange?
About 30% (150ml)
36
Where is the 30% of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange locates?
In the conducting airways known as dead space
37
What is inspiratory Reserve volume?
Additional air that is inhaled beyond the tidal volume. About 3100ml in males and 1900ml in females
38
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Additional air expired after a normal inhalation, about 1200ml in males and 700ml in females
39
What is residual volume?
Volume of air that remains even after expiratory reserve volume is expelled. About 1200ml in males and 1100ml in females
40
What is inspiratory capacity?
Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume Ex. 500ml +3100ml= 3600ml in males 1100ml+700ml= 1800ml in females
41
What is functional residual capacity?
Sum of residual volume and expiratory volume Ex. 1200ml + 1200ml= 2400ml in males 1100ml + 700ml=1800ml in females
42
What is vital capacity?
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume Ex. 4800ml in males 3100ml in females
43
What is Total Lung Capacity?
Sum of vital capacity and residual volume Ex. 4800ml +1200ml=6000ml in males 3100ml +1100ml=4200 ml in females
44
Define eupnea?
Normal pattern of breathing
45
Contraction of the diaphragm is responsible for what percentage of air that enters the lungs?
75%
46
What percentage of tidal volume participates in gas exchange?
70%
47
What percentage does not participate in gas exchange?
30% because it remains in the anatomical dead space
48
What gas is most abundant in air?
Nitrogen
49
Where does external respiration occur?
Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
50
Where does internal respiration occur?
Systemic capillaries and tissue throughout the body
51
What is the pathway of external respiration?
Right side of heart brings deoxygenated blood to lung->exhale CO2->inhale O2->O2 diffuses form alveoli to pulmonary capillary->O2 blood goes to left side of heart->to the rest of body
52
How much oxygen is contained in blood plasma and how much is in hemoglobin in RBC's?
1.5% in plasma 98.5% in hemoglobin in RBC's
53
How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma, binds to amino acids and transported as bicarbonate ions?
Dissolved in plasma= 7% Binds to amino acids = 23% HCO3= 70%
54
Where is the respiratory center located?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
55
What does the Medullary Respiratory Center do?
Controls basic rhythm of respiration
56
What is the Dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
Normal quiet breathing
57
What is the Ventral Respiratory Group responsible for?
Forced inhalation and forced exhalation
58
What is the Pontine respiratory group?
Moderator, controls discharge of DRG and VRG
59
How does the hypothalamus and limbic system affect respirations?
Allows for emotional stimuli to alter respirations Ex. Laughing or crying
60
How do proprioceptors stimulate inspiration?
Increases rate and depth of respiration as a result of joint and muscle movement
61
How does age effect the respiratory system?
(1) Airways and tissues of respiratory tract become less elastic and more rigid. Chest wall become more rigid as well. (a) Results in decreased vital capacity (as much as 35% by age 70). (b) Decreased in blood Oxygen levels (c) Decreased ciliary and alveolar macrophage activity.
62
Where are the central chemo receptors?
CSF in the medulla, monitors CO2 and Hydrogen ions
63
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Arch of the aorta
64
What is hypercapnia?
Increased levels of CO2
65
What chemoreceptor is stimulated from hypercapnia?
Central chemoreceptors
66
What is hypoxia?
Deficiency of oxygen
67
Which receptor responds to hypoxia?
Peripheral
68
What receptors respond during hypocapnia?
No receptors will respond
69
What stimulates respiratory rate during exercises
Proprioceptors
70
What level of exercise must you engage in to change respiratory rate
Moderate exercise
71
In oxygen rich environment, what will hemoglobin bind to?
As much O2 as it can
72
In an oxygen lacking environment, what will hemoglobin do
Give up more O2
73
How does exercise affect respirations?
CO2 level Acidosis Temperature

Respiratory (21 decks)

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