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Respiratory > Cardio A&P > Flashcards

Cardio A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A

External Respiration= In the lungs
Internal respirations- In the body

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2
Q

What is the path of oxygen through the body?

A

Nose-nasopharynx-Larynx-trachea-bronchus-lungs

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3
Q

What are the 2 respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone (tubes)
Respiratory Zone (gas exchange)

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4
Q

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Associated Structures
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5
Q

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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6
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

“Tubes”

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7
Q

What is the path of the conducting zone?

A
  • Nose->Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea->Bronchi-> ->Bronchioles->Terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar Sacs
  • Alveoli
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10
Q

What membrane is double-layered and enclosed each lung?

A

Pleural Membrane

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11
Q

What membrane is the outer layer and attached the wall of the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal Pleura

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12
Q

What membrane is the inner layer attached to the lungs?

A

Visceral Pleura

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13
Q

What is the narrow space located between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid?

A

Pleural Cavity

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14
Q

When lungs inflate, what allows the pleura to adhere and move?

A

Surface tension

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15
Q

What cells secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the surface between cells and air moist?

A

Surfactant Cells

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16
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Reduce the tendency for alveoli to collapse

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17
Q

What removes fine dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces?

A

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

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18
Q

What are the muscles of inhalation?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal

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19
Q

What kind of process is inhalation?

A

Active Process

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20
Q

What kind of process is exhalation?

A

Passive Process

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21
Q

What muscles are used during forced exhalation?

A
  • Internal intercostal
  • External and internal obliques
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus Abdominis
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22
Q

What muscles are used during forced inhalation

A

Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalene

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23
Q

How does gas move?

A

From high to low pressure

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24
Q

What is the process of used for oxygen to move from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

Just before inhalation, what is the pressure inside the lungs?

A
  • 760mmHG
  • same as pressure of atmosphere
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26
Q

As the diaphragm and external intercostal contract, what is the pressure alveolar pressure?

A
  • 760mmHg-758 mmHg
  • alveolar pressure decreases
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27
Q

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, what is the alveolar pressure?

A
  • 758mmHg- 762mmHg
  • Alveolar pressure increases
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28
Q

Upon inhalation, atmospheric pressure is what

A

Higher than alveolar pressure

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29
Q

Upon exhalation, atmospheric pressure is what

A

Lower than alveolar pressure

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30
Q

Atmospheric air pressure of O2 and CO2

A

PO2= 159mmHg
PCO2= 0.3mmHg

31
Q

Alveolar air pressure

A

PO2= 105mmHg
PCO2= 40mmHg

32
Q

Oxygenated blood air pressure

A

PO2= 100mmHg
PCO2= 40mm Hg

33
Q

Systemic tissue cells air pressure

A

PO2= 40mm Hg
PCO2= 45mm Hg

34
Q

Deoxygenated blood air pressure

A

PO2= 40mm Hg
PCO2= 45mm Hg

35
Q

How much tidal volume does not participate in as exchange?

A

About 30% (150ml)

36
Q

Where is the 30% of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange locates?

A

In the conducting airways known as dead space

37
Q

What is inspiratory Reserve volume?

A

Additional air that is inhaled beyond the tidal volume. About 3100ml in males and 1900ml in females

38
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional air expired after a normal inhalation, about 1200ml in males and 700ml in females

39
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air that remains even after expiratory reserve volume is expelled. About 1200ml in males and 1100ml in females

40
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
Ex. 500ml +3100ml= 3600ml in males
1100ml+700ml= 1800ml in females

41
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Sum of residual volume and expiratory volume
Ex. 1200ml + 1200ml= 2400ml in males
1100ml + 700ml=1800ml in females

42
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume
Ex. 4800ml in males
3100ml in females

43
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity?

A

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume
Ex. 4800ml +1200ml=6000ml in males
3100ml +1100ml=4200 ml in females

44
Q

Define eupnea?

A

Normal pattern of breathing

45
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm is responsible for what percentage of air that enters the lungs?

A

75%

46
Q

What percentage of tidal volume participates in gas exchange?

A

70%

47
Q

What percentage does not participate in gas exchange?

A

30% because it remains in the anatomical dead space

48
Q

What gas is most abundant in air?

A

Nitrogen

49
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

50
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

Systemic capillaries and tissue throughout the body

51
Q

What is the pathway of external respiration?

A

Right side of heart brings deoxygenated blood to lung->exhale CO2->inhale O2->O2 diffuses form alveoli to pulmonary capillary->O2 blood goes to left side of heart->to the rest of body

52
Q

How much oxygen is contained in blood plasma and how much is in hemoglobin in RBC’s?

A

1.5% in plasma
98.5% in hemoglobin in RBC’s

53
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma, binds to amino acids and transported as bicarbonate ions?

A

Dissolved in plasma= 7%
Binds to amino acids = 23%
HCO3= 70%

54
Q

Where is the respiratory center located?

A

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

55
Q

What does the Medullary Respiratory Center do?

A

Controls basic rhythm of respiration

56
Q

What is the Dorsal respiratory group responsible for?

A

Normal quiet breathing

57
Q

What is the Ventral Respiratory Group responsible for?

A

Forced inhalation and forced exhalation

58
Q

What is the Pontine respiratory group?

A

Moderator, controls discharge of DRG and VRG

59
Q

How does the hypothalamus and limbic system affect respirations?

A

Allows for emotional stimuli to alter respirations
Ex. Laughing or crying

60
Q

How do proprioceptors stimulate inspiration?

A

Increases rate and depth of respiration as a result of joint and muscle movement

61
Q

How does age effect the respiratory system?

A

(1) Airways and tissues of respiratory tract become less elastic and more rigid. Chest wall become more rigid as well.
(a) Results in decreased vital capacity (as much as 35% by age 70).
(b) Decreased in blood Oxygen levels
(c) Decreased ciliary and alveolar macrophage activity.

62
Q

Where are the central chemo receptors?

A

CSF in the medulla, monitors CO2 and Hydrogen ions

63
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Arch of the aorta

64
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increased levels of CO2

65
Q

What chemoreceptor is stimulated from hypercapnia?

A

Central chemoreceptors

66
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficiency of oxygen

67
Q

Which receptor responds to hypoxia?

A

Peripheral

68
Q

What receptors respond during hypocapnia?

A

No receptors will respond

69
Q

What stimulates respiratory rate during exercises

A

Proprioceptors

70
Q

What level of exercise must you engage in to change respiratory rate

A

Moderate exercise

71
Q

In oxygen rich environment, what will hemoglobin bind to?

A

As much O2 as it can

72
Q

In an oxygen lacking environment, what will hemoglobin do

A

Give up more O2

73
Q

How does exercise affect respirations?

A

CO2 level
Acidosis
Temperature

Respiratory (21 decks)

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