cardio

Question 1

most common acyanotic congenital heart disease (5)

Answer 1

ventricular septal defects // atrial septal defects // patent ductus arteriosus // coarctation of aorta // aortic valve stenosis

Question 2

cyanotic causes congenital heart disease

Answer 2

tetraogy of fallot // transposition great arteries // tricuspid atresia

Question 3

what are VSDs assoc with

Answer 3

chromosomal eg downs // congenital infections

Question 4

symptoms VSD

Answer 4

failure to thrive // HF (hepatomegaly, fast RR, fast HR, pale) // pan-systolic murmur

Question 5

mx VSD

Answer 5

small = monitoring // large = diuretics –> surgery

Question 6

most common congenital heart disease

Answer 6

VSD

Question 7

what is a patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 7

connection between pulmonary trunk and descending aorta // usually shuts in first few seconds of life to increase blood flow to lungs

Question 8

RF patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 8

premature // born at high altitude // rubella 1st trimester

Question 9

symptoms patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

Acyanotic // left subclavicular thrill // continuous machine murmur // large volume, bounding, collapsing pulse // heaving apex beat

Question 10

mx patent ductus arteriosus (non-surgical)

Answer 10

indomethacin or ibuprofen (inhibits PGE which are keeping open duct)

Question 11

mx patent ductus arteriosus (surgical)

Answer 11

PGE1 to keep it open –> surgery

Question 12

when does Tetralogy of Fallot present

Answer 12

1-2 months, up to 6 months

Question 13

features Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 13

VSD // right ventricular hypertrophy // pulmonary stenosis // overriding aorta

Question 14

what dictates severity of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 14

right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (pulmonary stenosis)

Question 15

features Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 15

cyanosis // hypercyanotic ‘tet’ spekk –> LOC // right to left shunt // ejection murmur // right aortic arch

Question 16

invx Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 16

CXR = boot shaped heart // ECG = right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 17

mx Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 17

surgical repair // cyanotic episode may need BB

Question 18

what causes transposition of the great arteries

Answer 18

failure of aorticpulmonary septum to spiral in separating

Question 19

anatomy transposition of the great arteries

Answer 19

aorta leaves right ventricle // pulmonary trunk leaves left ventricle

Question 20

RF transposition of the great arteries

Answer 20

diabetes

Question 21

features transposition of the great arteries

Answer 21

CYANosis // fast RR // loud S2 // right ventricular impulse

Question 22

invs transposition of the great arteries

Answer 22

CXR = egg on side

Question 23

mx transposition of the great arteries

Answer 23

PGE to maintain –> surgery

Question 24

what is ebsteins anomaly

Answer 24

low tricuspid valve –> large RA and small RV (atrialisation of RV)

Question 25

cause ebsteins anomaly

Answer 25

lithium

Question 26

assoc ebsteins anomaly

Answer 26

patent foramen ovale or ASD // wolff parkinson white

Question 27

symptoms ebsteins anomaly

Answer 27

CYanosis // a wave in JVP // hepatomegaly // tricuspid regurg (pansystolic on inspiration) // RBBB – > split S1,2

Question 28

types of innocent murmurs in children

Answer 28

ejection // venous hum // stills murmur

Question 29

cause and murmur venous hum

Answer 29

turbulent blood flow in great veins –> heart // continuous blowing noise below clavicle

Question 30

stills murmur sounds

Answer 30

low pitched at lower left sternal edge

Question 31

characteristic innocent ejection murmur

Answer 31

soft blowing // vary with posture // no radiation // no thrill, added heart sound // asymptomatic

Question 32

what type of disease is kawasaki

Answer 32

medium vessel vasculitis

Question 33

features kawasaki

Answer 33

high fever // red conjunctiva // bright red, cracked lips // strawberry tongue // cervical lymph // red and peely hands and feet

Question 34

diagnosis kawasaki

Answer 34

clinical

Question 35

mx kawasaki

Answer 35

high dose aspirin // IvIg

Question 36

complication kawasaki

Answer 36

coronary artery aneurysm (do an echo)

Question 37

algorithm paediatric life support

Answer 37

assess airway –> 5 rescue breaths –> feel for pulse –> 15:2 chest compressions

Question 38

where should pulses be felt in children

Answer 38

infants = brachial or femoral // children = femoral

Question 39

rate and location chest compression children

Answer 39

100-120 // 4cm infant, 5 cm child // child = lower half of sternum // infant = use 2 fingers