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Physiology > Cardiac Pathologies > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

causes of valve abnormalities

A 
rheumatic fever
viral infn
calcification
weak papillary muscles or chordea tendineae for AV valves
ischemic heart disease
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2
Q

mitral stenosis

what happens to BPs?

A 
narrowing of mitral valve
LA= increase
LV sys= decrease
LV dia= decrease
Aorta= decrease
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3
Q

mitral regurgitation

what happens to BPs?

A 
blood flows back into LA
LA= increase
LV sys= decrease
LV dia= increase
aorta= decrease
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4
Q

aortic stenosis

what happens to BPs?

A 
narrowing of the aortic valve
LA= increase
LV sys= increase
LV dia= increase
Aorta= decrease
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5
Q

TAVR

A

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

treatment for aortic stenosis

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6
Q

aortic regurg

what happens to BPs?

A 
regurg back into LV from aorta
LA= increase
LV sys= increase
LV dia= increase
aorta sys= increase
aorta dia= decrease
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7
Q

what happens to the pulse pressure with aortic regurg?

A

wide pulse pressure

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8
Q

possible symptoms of valvular abnormalities (8)

A 
decrease exercise tolerance
dizziness/ short of breath
ventricular hypertrophy
ventricular dilation
atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
decreased CO
pulmonary edema
HF
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9
Q

what causes ventricular hypertrophy

A

high afterload

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10
Q

what causes ventricular dilation

A

high preload

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11
Q

when would you hear the aortic stenosis murmur?

A

ventricular systole

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12
Q

when would you hear the aortic regurg murmur?

A

ventricular diastole

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13
Q

when would you hear mitral valve regurg murmur?

A

ventricular systole

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14
Q

when would you hear mitral valve stenosis murmur?

A

ventricular diastole

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15
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy cause

A 
virus
pericarditis
toxins
MI
volume overload
cocaine
autoimmune
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16
Q

why is dilated cardiomyopathy bad?

A

weaked portion of heart
low EF
increased diastolic and systolic volumes
leads to HF and arrhythmias

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17
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

concentric hypertrophy (growing inward)
lower filling volume
weaker muscle per cross sectional area

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18
Q

what are the two ways that hypertrophy muscles are weaker?

A

decreased ability to handle calcium

shift in myosin isoform type

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19
Q

physiological hypertrophy

A

heart chamber can grow outward
exercise is cause
increases CO

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20
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction
heart attack
damage or death of heart muscle

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21
Q

3 MI causes

A

blood clots in coronary circulation
LDL/cholesterol/plaques
coronary artery dissection

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22
Q

can myocardium regenerate well?

A

no

just leaves scar tissue

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23
Q

what labs can you run to tell someone had an MI?

A

troponin T and troponin I the cardiac ones

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24
Q

coronary artery dissection

A

when the endothelium cracks and then blood fills between endo and muscle and occludes the vessel

25
Q

what happens immediately after MI on EKG?

A

Vfib

26
Q

causes of HF

A

severe valve disease
pathological hypertrophy
dilated cardiomyopathy
MI

27
Q

2 problems of HF

A

CO decreases

cant supply organs with blood

28
Q

systolic HF (HFrEF)

A

HF with reduced EF
SV is low
dilation “volume overload”

29
Q

diastolic HF (HFpEF)

A

HF with preserved EF
SV and EDV is low
pathological hypertrophy “pressure overload”

30
Q

aortic regurg

dilation or hypertrophy?

A

dilation

31
Q

aortic stenosis

dilation or hypertrophy?

A

hypertrophy

32
Q

mitral regurg

dilation or hypertrophy?

A

dilation

33
Q

mitral stenosis

dilation or hypertrophy?

A

neither

34
Q

changes in cardiac myocytes with HF

A 
release BNP/ANP
lower contractility
Calcium channels dont work right anymore
decreased SERCA
increased Na/Ca exchanger
decreased RyR2
35
Q

what can HF do to action potential

A

longer AP

altered refractory periods

36
Q

bodys compensation during mild HF

A

sympathetics to increase CO

RAAS to increase BP

37
Q

what to treat mild HF?

A

beta block and antihypertensive

38
Q

chronic (decompensated) HF

A

blood backs up in circulation
fluid build up
cardiogenic shock

39
Q

what are the 4 things that fluid build up in HF can do?

A

pulmonary edma
systemic edema
dyspnea
fatigue

40
Q

what would be a good treatment for HF?

A

dobutamine

41
Q

are the treatments for HFrEF and HFpEF the same?

A

yes

42
Q

circulatory shock

A

severe circulatory failure
inadequate BF through body
cant supply tissues with oxygen

43
Q

what are the 4 types of circulatory shock?

A

hypovolemic
cardiogenic
vasogenic (septic, anaphylactic)
neurogenic

44
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

low blood volume
decrease preload
decrease CO

45
Q

what are the compensatory mechanism for hypovolemic shock?

A

baroreceptor reflex
chemoreceptor reflex
increase in RAAS

46
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

reduction of CO caused by inability of heart to pump blood

47
Q

3 causes of cardiogenic shock

A

mI
cardiomyopathy
arrhythmias

48
Q

symptom of cardiogenic shock

A

pulmonary edema

49
Q

what are the 4 common drugs used for short term treatment of HF?

A

digoxin
dobutamine
milrinone
levosimendan

50
Q

septic shock

A

whole body inflammatory response due to system wide infxn

limited treatment

51
Q

what is septic shock commonly spread from?

A

GI rupture
UTI
skin strep or staph infxn
pulmonary infxn

52
Q

what is the treatment for septic shock?

A

Ang II

53
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

MABP drops
histamine release
vadodilation
increased capillary permeability

54
Q

neurogenic shock

A

loss of vasomotor tone (massive dilation)

lose pressure and reduces preload

55
Q

what are the causes of neurogenic shock

A

general anesthesia
spinal anesthesia
spinal cord damange
brain damage

56
Q

which two types of shock effect the CO?

A

hypovolemic

cardiogenic

57
Q

what two types of shock effect the vascular resistance?

A

vasogenic (septic, anaphylactic)

neuorgenic

58
Q

what type of loop is shock?

A

postive feedback loop

until tissue death

Physiology (13 decks)

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