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Physiology > Cardiac Output, BP, Blood flow > Flashcards

Cardiac Output, BP, Blood flow Flashcards

1
Q

1st heart sound

A

AV valves closing

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2
Q

2nd heart sound

A

semilunar valves closing

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3
Q

look and label wiggers diagram

A

PPT 2 Slide 3

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4
Q

look and label the pressure volume curve

A

PPT 2 Slide 4

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5
Q

cardiac output equation

A

CO= HRxSV

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6
Q

normal CO for men and women

A 
men= 5.6L/min
women= 4.9L/min
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7
Q

what can the average cardiac output get up to during exercise?

A

15-20 L/min

~3 fold increase

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8
Q

Does cardiac output increase or decrease with age?

A

decrease

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9
Q

angiotensin II

A

circulating hormone
induce release of Ca
release of NE
positive inotropic

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10
Q

thyroid hormone

A

regulate metabolism
positive chronotropic and inotropic
hyper/hypo

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11
Q

inotropic

A

increase contraction

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12
Q

insulin

A

increase glucose uptake
positive inotropic effects
PI3K signaling pathway

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13
Q

glucagon

A

increased blood glucose
positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
increases cAMP

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14
Q

hypokalaemia

A

low K+ extracellular
hyperpolarizes
cardiac arrest

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15
Q

hyperkalaemia

A

excess K extracellular
depolarizes membrane potential
muscle weakness
blocks conduction

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16
Q

hypocalcemia

A

cardiac muscle weakness

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17
Q

hypercalcaemia

A

increased contraction potentially spastic

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18
Q

frank-starling mechanism

A

greater the stretch on resting muscle (preload) the greater the contraction

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19
Q

what is stretch determined by?

A

end diastolic volume/pressure

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20
Q

starlings law of the heart

A

the energy of contraction of a cardiac muscle fiber is proportional to the initial fiber length at rest

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21
Q

venous return

A

amount of blood flow back to the heart

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22
Q

how does increased preload change the pressure-volume curve

A

increased preload usually means increased EDV and increased stroke volume
curve gets wider

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23
Q

afterload

A

the force that contracting myocytes must overcome

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24
Q

what can increase afterload

A

increases in arterial pressure, aortic pressure and aortic stenosis

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25
Q

how does afterload change the pressure-volume curve?

A

height increases due to increase in pressure the LV must create and increases ESV

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26
Q

what is the percent of blood in pulmonary circulation

A

9%

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27
Q

what is the percent of blood in the veins, venules, venous sinouses

A

64%

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28
Q

what determines blood pressure and blood flow

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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29
Q

endothelial nitric oxide synthase

A 
constitutively expressed (eNOS)
inducible (iNOS)
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30
Q

what can NO bioavailability be reduced by?

A

presence of free radicals

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31
Q

neural stimulation

A 
sympathetic
vasoconstriction (NE)
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32
Q

endocrine/paracrine

A

CO2, H+, adenosine

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33
Q

artery components

A

endothelium
elastic tissue
smooth muscle
fibrous tissue

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34
Q

arteriole components

A

endothelium

smooth muscle

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35
Q

capillary components

A

endothelium

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36
Q

venule component

A

endothelium

fibrous tissue

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37
Q

vein components

A

endothelium
elastic tissue
smooth muscle
fibrous tissue

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38
Q

arteries

A

expand to hold blood, compliant

elastic recoil maintains consistant pressure

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39
Q

arterioles

A

smooth muscle and surgace area and can change BF to different tissues

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40
Q

capillaries

A

endothelial cells allow only 1 RBC to pass at a time

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41
Q

veins

A

large diameter

reservoir for blood

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42
Q

what do veins induce and how?

A

one way blood flow

one way valves

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43
Q

varicose vein

A

damaged and allows backflow of blood

44
Q

Left ventricle pressure

A

120/5

45
Q

aorta/ systemic pressure

A

120/80

46
Q

CVP

A

7

47
Q

right ventricle pressure

A

25/1

48
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

25/8

49
Q

MAP calculation

A

diastolicx2 + systolic / 3

50
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic BP

51
Q

BP equation

A

MABP= CO x SVR

52
Q

as SV increases what happens to pulse pressure

A

pulse pressure increases

53
Q

compliance

A

ability to distend and increase volume with increasing blood pressure

54
Q

as compliance decreases what happens to pulse pressure

A

pulse pressure increases

55
Q

vascular compliance=

A

change in volume/change in pressure

56
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries
loss of compliance
collagen replaces elastic fibers
increases systolic pressure

57
Q

atherosclerosis

A

form of arteriosclerosis fat/cholesterol clogs it up

58
Q

new BP goal

A

<130/80

59
Q

recommendations for stage 1 high blood pressure

A

lifestyle changes

exercise

60
Q

recommendations for stage 2 high blood pressure

A

medication

61
Q

how much do exercise interventions reduce systolic pressure by on average?

A

4.8 mmHg

62
Q

how much does antihypertensives reduce systolic pressure by on average?

A

8.8mmHg

63
Q

common causes of Htn

A 
obesity
atherosclerosis
renal
endocrine
sympathetic overactive
64
Q

problems from Htn

A 
endothelial damage
stoke
MI
pathological hypertrophy
HF
65
Q

should you put low risk patients on antihypertensives?

A

no they did not improve mortality or CV outcomes and lead to adverse events

66
Q

flow rate

A

volume that passes a given point over time (how much)

67
Q

velocity of flow

A

distance volume of blood will travel in time (how fast)

68
Q

velocity equation

A

velocity= flow rate/cross sectional area

69
Q

how is velocity related to cross sectional area

A

velocity is inversely related to cross sectional area

70
Q

blood flow

A

quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period

71
Q

pressure

A

blood flows because of pressure gradients

72
Q

resistance

A

decreases flow

73
Q

ohms law

A

Flow= change in pressure/ resistance

74
Q

ohms law other equation

A

CO= (MABP-CVP)/ TSR

75
Q

does absolute pressure drive flow?

A

no the change in pressure

76
Q

resistance determined by what? what law?

A

length of tube
radius of tube
viscosity of fluid
poiseuilles law

77
Q

what is radius determined by?

A

local control- metabolic needs, paracrine agents
circulating horomones
sympathetic reflexes

78
Q

what are arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins arranged in? why is that important for resistance?

A

series

Rtotal= R1+R2+R3

79
Q

what forms parallel? why is that important for resistance?

A

branching of blood vessels
less resistance overall, more flow
Rtotaly= 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)

80
Q

what is the flow through individual arterioles depended on?

A

dependent resistance of that arteriole

81
Q

increased resistance in arteriole does what to flow?

A

decreases

82
Q

what is the total blood flow through all the arterioles equal to?

A

cardiac output

83
Q

why is variation in blood flow to individual tissues possible?

A

arterioles in the body are arranged in parallel

84
Q

metabolic hyperemia

A

increase in metabolic products during tissue metabolism induces vasodilation which increases blood flow

85
Q

shear stress control of blood flow

A

Nitric Oxide

shear stress causes release of NO and induces vasodilation

86
Q

endothelin

A

vasoconstriction, released by endothelium

87
Q

NE/E

A

vasoconstriction

88
Q

angiotensin II

A

vasoconstriction, found in blood plasma

89
Q

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

A

vasoconstriction, secreted by posterior pituitary

90
Q

serotonin

A

mostly vasoconstriction

released by platelets intestine

91
Q

thromboxane

A

vasoconstriction released by platelets smooth muscle

92
Q

postacyclin

A

vasodilation released by endothelial cells

93
Q

bradykinin

A

vasodilation, in blood plasma, released during inflammation

94
Q

histamine

A

vasodilation, released during inflammation, allergies by mast cells

95
Q

NO

A

vasodilation released by endothelial cells

96
Q

ANP/BNP

A

vasodilation released by the heart during stretch

97
Q

coronary blood flow altered by

A

contraction
local metabolism
neuronal control

98
Q

baroreceptor locations

A 
carotid sinus (glosso)
aortic arch (vagus)
99
Q

as BP increases does the firing rate of baroreceptor increase or decrease?

A

increases and then levels out at max

100
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone
secreted by posterior pituitary
water retention
vasoconstriction

101
Q

long term regulation of BP RAAS

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

102
Q

what 5 things does angiotensin II cause?

A 
increase in sympathetic
h2o retention
aldosterone secretion
vasoconstriction
ADH secretion
103
Q

many cases of HTN can be ascribed to excess weight why?

A

adipocytes have the angiotensin renin, and ACE that cause HTN

104
Q

ANP, BNP

A

atrial and brain natriuretic peptides
released by heart when it is stretched
FAIL SAFE FOR VOLUME OVERLOAD
(excrete salt and water)

105
Q

what happens if blood volume decreases due to dehydration or hemorrhage? (hypovolemic)

A

increase RAAS, decrease baroreceptor firing (increase sympathetic output)

106
Q

what are the common targets of high blood pressure medicines?

A 
blood volume
cardiac output (HR or SV)
resistance (vasoconstriction)

Physiology (13 decks)

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