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Integrated Systems (Cardiac) > Cardiac Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Cardiac Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the heart considered a dual pump?

A

Because the right side sends blood to the lungs and the left side sends blood through the rest of the body

  1. Pulmonary circuit (right side)
  2. Systemic circuit (left side)
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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation, regulation (homeostasis) and Protection (WBCs)

Transportation: CO2, hormones, O2 and waste

Regulation: Temperature, BP and hormones

Protection: White Blood Cells (WBCs)

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3
Q

On average the heart beats _______/80 years (in a lifetime).

A

2.95 Billion beats/80 years

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4
Q

The volume of blood pumped through the heart in the average lifetime of a human (80 years) is ______.

A

210 million Liters/80 years

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5
Q

On average the heart beats _______ in an 80 year lifespan.

A. 2.95 billion /80yrs

B. 210 million /80yrs

C. 2.95 million /80yrs

D. 210 billion /80yrs

A

A. 2.95 billion /80yrs

2.95 billion beats/80rs

210 million liters/80yrs

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6
Q

On average the heart pumps _______ liters of blood in a lifespan (80yrs).

A. 2.95 billion /80yrs

B. 210 million /80yrs

C. 2.95 million /80yrs

D. 210 billion /80yrs

A

B. 210 million /80yrs

2.95 billion beats/80rs

210 million liters/80yrs

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7
Q

What is the first functioning organ in humans?

A. Lungs

B. Heart

C. Kidneys

D. Liver

A

B. Heart

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8
Q

The heart begins beating as early as 24-25 days. The heart begins pumping blood by day 22.

A. First statement is true, second is false

B. First statement is false, second is true

C. Both statements are true

D. Both statments are false

A

D. Both statments are false

Correct statements:

  • The heart begins beating as early as day 22
  • The heart begins pumping blood by day 24 or 25
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9
Q

(T/F)

Most of the hearts development (remodeling and septation) occurs before the heart begins pumping blood.

A

False

Correct statement: most development occcurs while the heart is pumping blood

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10
Q

The heart begins as a tube of contractile _______ lined by ________.

A

The heart begins as a tube of contractile myocardium lined by endocardium (endothelium)

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11
Q

The Cardiogenic Field is established _______ to the Neural Plate (brain).

A. cranial

B. caudal

C. anterior

D. posterior

A

A. cranial

Cardiogenic Field:

  • Blood islands form in the visceral (splanchnic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm cranial to the developing brain
  • A horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube (the primitive heart tube) develops as these blood is coalesce
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12
Q

The caudal pole forms the arterial portion of the heart. The cranial end is the venous portion of the heart.

A. First statement is true, second is false

B. First statement is false, second is true

C. Both statements are true

D. Both statments are false

A

D. Both statments are false

Caudal pole = venous end of heart

Cranial end = arterial portion of heart

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13
Q

The _________ gene is the master regulator of heart development.

A

NKX-2.5

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14
Q

Which of the following genes is the master regulator of heart development?

A. BMP 2,4

B. WNT inhibitors

C. NKX-2.5

D. All of the above

A

C. NKX-2.5

note: NKX-2.5 is “U-shaped”

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15
Q

The heart forms from the visceral (Splanchnic) layer of ________.

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

note: Lateral plate mesoderm forms the Cardiogenic Fields

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16
Q

__________ causes the two edges of the cardiogenic field to fuse together.

A

Lateral body folding

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17
Q

The vessels formed by sprouting are the _______.

A

Aortic arches

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18
Q

Which of the following portions of the heart remain unfused?

A. Caudal portion

B. Cranial portion

A

A. Caudal portion

Cranial portion = fused

Caudal portion = unfused

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19
Q

Discuss the purpose of cardiac looping:

A

Cardiac Looping orients the heart into the proper orientation and morphology.

note: this is the reason for the atrial portion of the heart being at the top and the ventricular portion being at the bottom. Also the reason the heart is shaped the way it is.

From slide: During looping, the atrial portion grows upward and to the left, while the ventricular region grows downward and to the right. This places the atria superiorly and posteriorly, the ventricles anteriory and inferiorly, and the heart itself to the left side of the body

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20
Q

Cardiac looping establishes the basic morphologyy of the heeart at day ______.

A

day 28

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21
Q

Which of the followng prenatal shunts is used to bypass the liver?

A. Ductus venosus

B. Foramen ovale

C. Ductus arteriosus

D. All of the above

A

A. Ductus venosus

Ductus venous = liver bypass

Foramen ovale = heart

Ductus arteroisus = great vessels

note: the whole point of these 3 shunts is to get as much oxygen and nutrients to the left side of the heart by bypassing organs that aren’t yet functional -Reynolds

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22
Q

Which of the following shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium bypassing the lungs.

A. Ductus venosus

B. Foramen ovale

C. Ductus arteriosus

D. All of the above

A

B. Foramen ovale

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23
Q

Which of the following prenatal shunts regulates blood flow from the placenta to the heart and is how intraabdominal pressure is overcome?

A. Ductus venosus

B. Foramen ovale

C. Ductus arteriosus

D. All of the above

A

A. Ductus venosus

Ductus venosus = transports blood from placenta (bypasses liver) to the prenatal heart

Foramen ovale = transports blood from the right atriumm to the left atrium bypassing the pulmonary circuit

Ductus arteriosus = connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch

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24
Q

Which of the following connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch bypassing the pulmonary circuit?

A. Ductus venosus

B. Foramen ovale

C. Ductus arteriosus

D. All of the above

A

C. Ductus arteriosus

Ductus venosus = liver bypass

Foramen ovale = pulmonary circuit bypass

Ductus arteriosus = pulmonary circuit bypass

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25
Q

________ is a large swelling of connective tissue that is the first to separate the chambers of the heart (septations) by bulging out and connecting to each other. This massive extracellular tissue seperates the atrium from the ventricles of the heart.

A

Endocardial cushion

The endocardial cushion is a massive extracellular tissue that forms around the AV canal, which buldge out and connect with each other, therfore allowing septation.

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26
Q

The interatrial septum is formed by the fusion of which of the following?

A. septum primum and the foramen primum

B. septum primum and the foramen secundum

C. septum secundum and foramen primum

D. septum primum and septum secundum

A

D. septum primum and septum secundum

septum primum + septum secundum = interatrial septum

27
Q

Discuss each of the following in regards to heart development:

  • Interatrial septum
  • Septum primum
  • Foramen primum
  • Septum secundum
  • Foramen secundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • What occurs at birth and why?
A
  • Interatrial septum is formed by the fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum
  • Septum primum forms on day 28 and extends into the atrium from the cranial-dorsal wall
  • Foramen primum exists before septum primum attaches
  • Foramen secundum forms by apoptosis of the septum primum
  • Septum secundum grows by looping and leaves and open foramen ovale
  • At birth the septum primum and septum secundum are pushed together
28
Q

Which of the following grows by looping and leaves an open foramen ovale?

A. septum primum

B. septum secundum

C. foramen primum

D. foramen secundum

A

B. septum secundum

Foramen ovale is located on the septum secundum

29
Q

Discuss the story line regarding each of the following: (actually tell the whole story)

  • septum primum
  • septum secundum
  • foramen primum
  • foramen secundum
  • foramen ovale
A
  1. In the begining the first septum (septum primum) grows downward from the top. Before the septum primum grows and fuses together their is a hole there known as the foramen primum. As the septum primum is growing, blood is able to travel from the right atrium to the left by going through the foramen primum. Then the foramen secundum forms by apoptoosis of the septum primum.
  2. The septum secundum begins growing in an “arching” (looping) way. Because the septum secundum grows in a looping way, there is a hole that forms known as the foramen ovale. At this point blood is able to pass through both the foramen ovale and the foramen secundum.
  3. At birth, high pressure in the left atrium causes the septum primum and septum secundum to get pushed together and fuse not allowing blood to travel though the formaen anymore.
    note: Pressure rises in the LEFT atrium at birth because the placenta is clamped off not allowing blood flow from the placenta (changing the pressure). Excessive blood is coming back from the lungs now bc the 3 shunts were erradicated at this point.
30
Q

Which of the following forms on day 28 and extends into the atrium from the cranial-dorsal wall?

A. septum primum

B. septum secundum

C. foramen primum

D. foramen secundum

E. foramen ovale

A

A. septum primum

31
Q

Which of the following forms by apoptosis of the septum primum?

A. septum primum

B. septum secundum

C. foramen primum

D. foramen secundum

E. foramen ovale

A

D. foramen secundum

32
Q

Which of the following grows by looping and leaves an opening known as the foramen ovale?

A. septum primum

B. septum secundum

C. foramen primum

D. foramen secundum

E. foramen ovale

A

B. septum secundum

  • Foramen primum is located in between the growing septum primum
  • Foramen secundum is located on the septum primum after it grows and apoptosis occurs
  • Foramen ovale is located on the septum secundum and forms by the “arching” growth of the septum secundum

The foramen secundum and foramen ovale do not overlap so when the septum primum and septum secundum fuse those 2 foramina are closed.

33
Q

Which of the following is caused by excessive resorption of the septum primum?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Common atrium

C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus arteriosus

A

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

34
Q

Which of the following is characterized by absence of the septum primum and septum secundum?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Common atrium

C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus arteriosus

A

B. Common atrium

35
Q

Which of the following is the most common type of heart defect?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Common atrium

C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus arteriosus

A

C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

36
Q

Which of the following is caused by the conotruncal septum never forming?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Common atrium

C. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus arteriosus

A

E. Persistent Truncus arteriosus

37
Q

All of the following are true regarding Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) EXCEPT:

A. can be caused by excessive apoptosis during the formation of the osteium secundum in the upper porttion of the septum

B. can result in a hole too large for the septum secundum to cover

C. absence of the septum secundum (failed to form)

D. can result in a hole in the atrial septum

E. absence of the septum primum and septum secundum

A

E. absence of the septum primum and septum secundum

Absence of the septum primum and septum secundum is known as Common Atrium

38
Q

(T/F)

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is 80% membranous and 20% muscular.

A

False

Correct Statement:

  • 20% membranous
  • 80% muscular

Note: VSD is the most common heat defect

39
Q

All of the following are defects of Tetralogy of Fallot EXCEPT:

A. Overriding aorta

B. Conotruncal sepum never forms

C. Pulmonary stenosis

D. Interventricular septal defect

E. Hypertrophy

A

B. Conotruncal sepum never forms

Tetralogy of Fallot defects:

  1. Overriding aorta
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. Interventricular septal defect
  4. Hypertrophy

***May be an EXAM Q***

40
Q

Which of the following results when the conotruncal cushions dividing the outflow tract fail to spiral 180 degrees? The defects can be considered a neural crest-related abnormality.

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

C. Transposition of the Great Vessels

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

A

C. Transposition of the Great Vessels

ASD = excessive resorption fo septum primum or absence of septum secundum

VSD = most common heart defect

Common Atrium = absence of both septum primum and septum secundum

Transposition of the Great Vessels = conotruncal cushions fail to spiral 180 degrees

Tetralogy of Fallot = anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus = conotruncal septum never forms

41
Q

Which of the following occurs due to the conotruncal septum never forming?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

C. Transposition of the Great Vessels

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

A

E. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

ASD = excessive resorption fo septum primum or absence of septum secundum

VSD = most common heart defect

Common Atrium = absence of both septum primum and septum secundum

Transposition of the Great Vessels = conotruncal cushions fail to spiral 180 degrees

Tetralogy of Fallot = anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus = conotruncal septum never forms

42
Q

Which of the following is caused by anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum?

A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

B. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

C. Transposition of the Great Vessels

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

E. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

A

D. Tetralogy of Fallot

ASD = excessive resorption fo septum primum or absence of septum secundum

VSD = most common heart defect

Common Atrium = absence of both septum primum and septum secundum

Transposition of the Great Vessels = conotruncal cushions fail to spiral 180 degrees

Tetralogy of Fallot = anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus = conotruncal septum never forms

43
Q

What are the 4 defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect and hypertrophy

44
Q

All of the following are associated with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) EXCEPT:

A. Excessive resorption of septum primum

B. Absence of the septum secundum

C. Absence of septum primum and septum secundum

D. All of the above are true

A

C. Absence of septum primum and septum secundum

Common Atrium = absence of septum primum and septum secundum

45
Q

All of the following are true regarding cardiac muscle (myocardium) EXCEPT:

A. Involuntary

B. Found only on the heart

C. 1-2 nuclei

D. Intercalated disks

E. Unbranched and non-striated

A

E. Unbranched and non-striated

note: ONLY Cardiac muscle is branched and striated
note: be able to identify a histological picture of the heart

46
Q

Which of the following is cardiac muscle (Myocardium)?

A

B. Heart muscle (Myocardium)

47
Q

_________ are the sites of loose junctions and gap junctions in myocardium (heart muscle).

A

Intercalated disks

  • Points of anchorage for myofibrils (mostly actin)
  • Maculae adherens prevent the pulling apart of cells during contraction (loose junctions)
  • Gap junctions allow for the rapid spread of contractile stimuli

Dr. Reynolds said to remember both loose junctions and gap junctions for intercalated discs

48
Q

List the 4 specialized cardiac muscle cells:

How is the electrical stimulus of heart cells propagated?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle and Purkinje fibers

How is the electrical stimulus of heart cells propagated?

  • Gap junctions
49
Q

Which of the following is known as the “pacemaker”?

A. SA node

B. AV node

C. AV bundle

D. Purkinje fibers

A

A. SA node

List in order from fastest to slowest:

  • SA node
  • AV node
  • AV bundle
  • Purkinje fibers
50
Q

Which of the folloiwng exists just below the endocardium?

A. SA node

B. AV node

C. AV bundle

D. Purkinje fibers

A

D. Purkinje fibers

51
Q

List the 3 layers in the wall of the heart:

A

Epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

52
Q

All of the following are composed of simple squamous epithelium EXCEPT:

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above are composed of simple squamous epithelium

A

B. Myocardium

Epicardium = simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium = collagenous connectiv tissue

Endocardium = simple squamous epithelium

53
Q

Which of the following is known as the visceral pericardium?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

A. Epicardium

54
Q

Which of the following is the location of cardiac myocytes?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

B. Myocardium

55
Q

Which of the following contain specialized cardiac muscle fibers known as Purkinje fibers?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

C. Endocardium

56
Q

Which of the following is the inner lining of the atria and ventricles?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

C. Endocardium

57
Q

Which of the following is fibrocollagenous tissue with abundant elastic fibers?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

A. Epicardium

Epicardium = Fibrocollagenous tissue

Myocardium = Collagenous connective tissue

Endocardium = Fibroelastic tissue

58
Q

Which of the following is collagenous connective tissue?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

B. Myocardium

Epicardium = Fibrocollagenous tissue

Myocardium = Collagenous connective tissue

Endocardium = Fibroelastic tissue

59
Q

Which of the following is fibroelastic tissue?

A. Epicardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. All of the above

A

C. Endocardium

Epicardium = Fibrocollagenous tissue

Myocardium = Collagenous connective tissue

Endocardium = Fibroelastic tissue

60
Q

The epicardium contain all of the following EXCEPT:

A. abundant elastic fibers

B. Adipose

C. Nerves

D. Coronary vessels

E. Cardiac myocytes

A

E. Cardiac myocytes

61
Q

The Myocardium contain all of the following EXCEPT:

A. abundant elastic fibers

B. Adipose

C. Nerves

D. Blood vessels

E. Cardiac myocytes

A

A. abundant elastic fibers

62
Q

The Endocardium contain all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Purkinje fibers

B. Adipose

C. Nerves

D. Blood vessels

A

B. Adipose

63
Q

The ______ system is modified, specialized myocytes organized into nodes and fibers that generate and rapidly transmit the contractile impulses.

A

Purkinje system

Integrated Systems (Cardiac) (9 decks)

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