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Cardiac Vascular Certification > Cardiac Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

This is a progressive condition in which plaque builds up in the tunic intima of arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Another name for the deposit of lipids and calcified cells found during atherosclerosis

A

Atheroma

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3
Q

True or False: atherosclerosis can occur in any artery and is categorized by location

A

True

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4
Q

List 3 modifiable risk factors

A

cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, DM, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

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5
Q

True or False: atherosclerosis is more common in males than females

A

True

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6
Q

What are the 5 risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, diabetes, htn, lifestyle factors

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7
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabtes

A

type 1: early onset, beta cells of pancreas are destroyed and can’t make insulin
type 2: gradual onset, NOT autoimmune, person becomes insulin resistance

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8
Q

3 P’s of Diabetes

A
  1. polyuria - excessive urination
  2. polydipsia - excessive thirst
  3. polyphagia - excessive appetite
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9
Q

Lab findings for Diabetes Patients

A

fasting BG greater than 126
glucose intolerance test greater than 200
elevated HgbA1C

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10
Q

HgbA1C value for it to be considered diabetes?

A

greater than 6.5%

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11
Q

Onset, Peak and Duration of Rapid Acting Insulin (humalog/novolog)

A

Onset: 15-30 min
Peak: 1-2 hours
Duration: 3-6 hours

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12
Q

Onset, Peak and Duration of Short Acting Insulin (regular)

A

Onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 2-4 hours
Duration: 3-6 hours

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13
Q

Onset, Peak and Duration of intermediate insulin (NPH)

A

Onset: 2-4 hours
Peak: 8-10 hours
Duration: 10-18 hours

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14
Q

Onset, Peak and Duration of long acting insulin (LANTUS)

A

Onset: 1-2 hours
Peak: none
Duration: 19-24 hours

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15
Q

LDL versus HDL

A

LDL - low density lipoproteins or “bad cholesterol”
HDL - high density lipoproteins or “good cholesterol”

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16
Q

High levels of HDL inversely correlate with cardiovascular risk - T or F

A

True

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17
Q

Normal LDL

A

Less than 100

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18
Q

Normal HDL

A

greater than 60

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19
Q

normal cholesterol

A

less than 200

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20
Q

3 meds for lowering cholesterol

A

statins, nonstatins, and naicin

21
Q

Statin-associated muscle symptoms

A

weakness, aches and cramps

22
Q

Naicin is prescribed to do what for dyslipidemia?

A

ordered to increase HDL alongside other anti-lipid agents

23
Q

Examples of statins

A

Lipitor or Zocor

24
Q

Example of nonstatins

A

Zetia or Fenofibrate

25
Q

Primary (essential) HTN versus Secondary HTN

A

primary: unknown cause - coorelates with lifestyle factors
secondary: known primary cause - medication, endocrine disorder

26
Q

Hypertensive Urgency Definition

A

BP > 180-110 without evidence of organ dysfunction

27
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

Systolic BP>180 and/or diastolic BP>120, with impending or progressive organ dysfunction

28
Q

DASH diet

A

high in fruits, veggies and lean meats, low in sugar and red meat
suggested for those with HTN

29
Q

Classes of medications for HTN

A

ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Calcium Channel Blockers
Thiazide diuretics

30
Q

True or False: HTN is more common in men less than 50 and woman over 50.

A

True

31
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

chest pain caused by narrowed coronary arteries and presents with negative trop, ST depression and T-wave changes

32
Q

Stable angina versus unstable

A

stable: resolves quickly, with rest or medications, can be triggered by exertion, large meals and hot/cold temperatures
unstable: occurs any time, lasts longer than 20 minutes, more severe and not easily relieved

32
Q

Stable angina versus unstable

A

stable: resolves quickly, with rest or medications, can be triggered by exertion, large meals and hot/cold temperatures
unstable: occurs any time, lasts longer than 20 minutes, more severe and not easily relieved

33
Q

Prinzmetal Angina/Variant Angina/vasoplastic

A

episodes of angina and TEMPORARY ST elevations caused by spasms of coronary artery - easily relieved by nitrates

34
Q

STEMI versus NSTEMI

A

STEMI: elevated ST (>1) = COMPLETE occlusion
NSTEMI: ST depression or T-wave inversion

35
Q

Anterior Wall MI ST change location and artery affected

A

V1-V4; LAD

36
Q

LAD supplies what part of the heart

A

blood to anterior left atrium and ventricle

37
Q

Inferior Wall MI ST change location and artery affected

A

II, III, aVF; RCA

38
Q

Right ventricular MI ST change location and area affected

A

V4-V6; interior wall MI

39
Q

Lateral wall MI ST change location and artery affected

A

I, aVL, V5, V6; Left Circumflex

40
Q

posterior wall MI ST change location and artery affected

A

V7-V9 elevation and ST depression in V1-V4
RCA or left circumflex artery

41
Q

Issues after right ventricular MI

A

tachycardia, hypotension and JVD
positive inotropes
avoid pre-load reducing meds (beta blockers; diuretics; morphine, nitrates)

42
Q

Issues after inferior wall MI

A

bradycardia/hypotension
increase in AV blocks
increase risk for papillary muscle rupture
avoid reducing preload

43
Q

Papillary muscle rupture

A

occurs 2-8 days post MI
hemodynamic compromise, pulmonary edema and new LOUD systolic murmur
requires EMERGENT repair

44
Q

issues after anterior wall MI

A

increased risk of left heart failure
increased risk of 2nd degree blocks
increased ventricular rupture

45
Q

Diagnostic tests to look for MI

A

elevated troponin (>0.1 ng/ml)
elevated CK-MB (>2.5%)

46
Q

STEMI Process
_______ min door to balloon
_______ min door to fibrinolytic therapy

A

90 min
30 min

47
Q

NSTEMI meds

A

nitro - vasodilation
beta blocker/calcium channel blockers - reduce myocardial oxygen demand
heparin: improve blood flow
morphine: pain not relieved with nitro

48
Q

If patient cannot take aspirin for managing MI, what is the other option?

A

Clopidogrel

Cardiac Vascular Certification (6 decks)

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