Cardiac Basics

Question 1

Normal Heart Rate for Adults?

Answer 1

60-100 bpm

Question 2

How much does HR rise during exercise?

Answer 2

Typically, HR will increase 10 bpm per MET level increase in activity

Question 3

Normal Respiratory Rate for Adults

Answer 3

12-20 breaths per minutes

Question 4

Blood Pressure Equation

Answer 4

BP = CO (Cardiac Output) x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)

Question 5

What do Pulse Ox readings less than 90% indicate?

Answer 5

Potential Hypoxemia

Question 6

What is Hypoxemia?

Answer 6

An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily function

Question 7

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

Answer 7

Sensation of Shortness of Breath that awakens patient, often 1 or 2 hours of sleep and is usually relieved in upright position

Question 8

Orthopnea

Answer 8

Sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position relieved by sitting or standing.

Question 9

Trepopnea

Answer 9

Dyspnea that occurs in one lateral decubitus position

Question 10

Platypnea

Answer 10

Refers to breathlessness that occurs in the upright position and is relieved with recumbency

Question 11

Dyspnea scale

Answer 11

0 = No dyspnea
1 = Mild Noticeable
2 = Mild some difficulty
3 = Moderate difficulty but can continue
4 = severe difficulty, cannot continue

Question 12

Presentation of Angina symptoms ?

Answer 12

Classic sign: Substernal chest pressure & Levine sign
Other: Heaviness in shoulders, jaw, arm, elbow, or upper back between scapulae

Question 13

Angina Scale

Answer 13

0 = No angina
1 = Light, barely noticeable
2 = Moderate, bothersome
3 = Severe, very uncomfortable: periinfarction pain
4 = Most pain ever experienced: infarction pain

Question 14

S1 indicates

Answer 14

Closure of Mitral and Tricuspid Valve - beginning of systole

Question 15

S2 indicates

Answer 15

Closing of Aortic and Pulmonic valve - end of systole

Question 16

Aortic valve is best auscultated?

Answer 16

Second intercostal space on right sternal boarder

Question 17

Pulmonic valve is best auscultated?

Answer 17

Second intercostal space on left sternal boarder

Question 18

Where to auscultate Tricuspid Valve?

Answer 18

Fourth intercostal space, left sternal board

Question 19

Where to auscultate Mitral Valve?

Answer 19

Fifth intercostal space, along midclavicular line

Question 20

S3 Heart Sound

Answer 20

Ventricular gallop which occurs after S2 and is associated with Acute Heart Failure decompensation

Question 21

S4 Heart Sound

Answer 21

Atrial gallop that occurs before S1 and is associated with MI and Chronic HTN

Question 22

Clinical Manifestations of Right Ventricular failure?

Answer 22

Weight Gain (2-3lbs a day)
S3 sound
Ascites
RUQ Pain

Question 23

What population is S3 sound considered normal?

Answer 23

Pediatrics and pregnant women populations

Question 24

What population is S4 sound considered normal?

Answer 24

Athletes - endurance

Question 25

Hallmark signs for Left sided Heart Failure?

Answer 25

SOB and coughing (think more pulmonary symptoms)

Question 26

What are the hallmarks for Right sided Heart Failure?

Answer 26

Jugular vein distention and peripheral edema