Cardiac anatomy Flashcards
What forms the right border of the heart?
Right atrium
What forms the left border of the heart?
left atrium and left ventricle
What forms the inferior border of the heart?
Right ventricle and some left ventricle
What forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?
The right ventricle
Where would you best position a stethoscope to listen to the valves?
Aorta: right of the midline around rib 2
Pulmonary: slightly to the left of midline around rib 2
Mitral: apex of the heart
Tricuspid: to the left of midline around rib 5
The upper and lower chambers of the heart are ___ isolated
electrically
Describe the flow of blood through the heart
Descending/ascending vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta
impulse in what node controls heart rate?
Sinoatrial node
- Determined by the leakiness of the phase 4 of the action potential
What are the 3 anatomical sections of the heart?
Apical (end - left ventricle)
Middle
Basal (atria and aorta)
What is different between the two atrial appendages?
The right atrial appendage is larger and rounder than that of the left atrial appendage
What is the configuration/direction/angle of the two great arteries (aorta and PA) leaving the heart?
Pulmonary artery: anterior to the aorta, towards left shoulder
Aorta: posterior to the PA, towards right shoulder
- the PA does pass under the aorta though, even if it starts anteriorly
Angle between the aorta-PA is 60-90 degrees
Which pulmonary artery and
which mainstem bronchus
travel under the aortic arch?
Right pulmonary artery and left bronchus
Heart is almost exclusively dependent on ____ metabolism
aerobic
The right coronary artery (RCA) arises from…
right sinus of Valsalva
Where does the RCA travel?
Courses between RA and RV in atrio-ventricular groove
the RCA then branches into what two things? What parts of the heart do they supply? when is this the case
Acute Marginals (feeds RV) and the majority of the time the Posterior Interventricular Artery (PDA) - true for right dominant circulation
The left coronary artery (LCA) arises from…?
the left sinus of Valsalva
What is the name of the first, short segment of the LCA?
the left main
What does the left main (LCA) branch into?
- Circumflex
2. Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
Where does the Circumflex travel? What does it then divide into? what do they feed?
Travels in the Left Atrio-Ventricular Groove
Gives rise to Obtuse Marginal Branches that feed Lateral LV wall
What does the LAD feed?
septum and LV free wall
What does the LAD give rise to?
Diagonals and Septal Branches
Which is the most important artery supplying the heart?
The LAD
Cardiac veins are ___ with arteries
Paired
the majority of cardiac veins drain into the? where?
Coronary Sinus (great cardiac vein) in posterior AV groove
which branches drain directly into the right atrium?
the RV venous branches drain directly to RA
What is the anatomy of the right atrial walls? what separates them?
Smooth and trabeculated walls, separated by crista terminalis
Where do the superior and inferior vena cava drain into? (which wall)
into the smooth walled portion
Fossa Ovalis is formed from….
downward migration of septum secundum and upward migration of septum primum
what is the fossa ovalis?
a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium.
The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development
Which two things are not present in the left atrium?
No Crista Terminalis
No Pectinate Muscles
Which valve allows for unidirectional flow from the RA to the RV?
Tricuspid valve
How many leaflets does the tricuspid valve have?
3
what is used to attach the leaflets to the muscles of the heart wall?
Chordae
AV valves generally depend on… (5 things) for proper functioning
hinge lines, valve tissue, chordae, papillary muscles and ventricular wall function for proper performance
Which valve is present between the LA and the LV?
the mitral valve
how many leaflets does the mitral valve have?
2
in AV valves, the chordae are attached to..?
the heart muscle inside the ventricle and to the leaflet of the valve
term for heart contraction?
systole
Term for heart relaxation?
diastole
What is the morphology of the right ventricle?
Trabeculated apical portion
Smooth muscle outflow tract (infundibulum) that leads into the pulmonary trunk
What is the morphology of the left ventricle?
similar to the right ventricle with a trabeculated apical portion
Using a comparison to food, at the Short-Axis View (Mid-Ventricular Level), the right ventricle looks like a __ while the left ventricle looks like a ___
right: croissant
left: donut
what is the acute margin?
the peak formed by the right ventricle from a Short-Axis View (Mid-Ventricular Level)
what is the obtuse margin?
broader peak formed by the left ventricle at a Short-Axis View (Mid-Ventricular Level)
In right dominant circulation, the LAD supplies __% of the Left Ventricle? the RCA supplies _% and the Left circumflex supplies _%
LAD: 50
RCA: 35
LCX: 15
What is the morphology of the semilunar valves? where are they located?
Three leaflets, suspended from the pulmonary trunk and aortic root
Scalloped (commissures/hinge lines)
What do the semilunar valves depend on to function properly?
Competency dependent on attachments and elastic/collagenous nature of the leaflet tissue as well as the dimensions of the root and trunk
- no muscle function or chordae
