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Human Organs and Tissues > Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Bone Marrow Flashcards

1
Q

Bone marrow is the space..

A

Between the cortex of bones

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2
Q

Where is bone marrow found in adults?

A

Ribs, skull, vertebrae and pelvic girdle

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3
Q

What is bone marrow the site of?

A

origin, maturation and development of all peripheral blood cells

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4
Q

In the 0-2 month fetus, where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

yolk sac

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5
Q

In the 2-7 month fetus, where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

liver and spleen

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6
Q

In the 5-9 month fetus, where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in infants?

A

bone marrow of practically all bones

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8
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis and end of femurs

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9
Q

What occurs to bone marrow as people age? is this permanent?

A

There is progressive fatty replacement of marrow in adult life.

fatty marrow is capable of reverting to hematopoiesis if needed. Moreover, the liver and spleen can resume their fetal hematopoietic role (extramedullary hematopoiesis)

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10
Q

what are the 3 basic components of bone marrow?

A
  • Stem cells
  • Bone marrow microenvironment
  • Hematopoietic growth factors
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11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of stem cells?

A

– Arise from yolk sac
– self renewal
– multilineage differentiation potential

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12
Q

What are two elements of the bone marrow microenvironment?

A
  1. ECM

2. Stromal cells

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13
Q

What does the ECM provide to the bone marrow microenvironment?

A

A site for attachment of progenitor cells or stem cells

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14
Q

What do stromal cells provide to the bone marrow microenvironment?

A
  1. physical support for hematopoietic cells

2. Produce hematopoietic growth factors and express adhesion molecules that influence differentiation

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15
Q

What are 5 examples of stromal cells?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Fibroblasts
  • Endothelial cells
  • Fat cells
  • Reticulum cells
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16
Q

What happens in the bone marrow microenvironment?

A
  1. stem cells are attached to the ECM via surface adhesion molecules
  2. Hemopoietic growth factors produced by stromal cells (and other cells) are presented to immobilized stem cells.
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17
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

glycoproteins that act in low concentrations

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18
Q

What does G-CSF target?

A

CFU-G +maturing neutrophils

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19
Q

What does M-CSF target?

A

CFU-M + maturing monocytes, macrophages

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20
Q

What does Erythropoietin target?

A

Late BFU-E, CFU-E + maturing erythroid

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21
Q

What does thrombopoietin target?

A

CFU-Meg and megakaryocytes

22
Q

what does interleukin-5 target?

A

CFU-eos + maturing eosinophils

23
Q

What are particle trails?

A

trails of cells on a blood smear of bone marrow

- look at them to see what kinds of cellular ratios there are and if there are any malignant cells

24
Q

What is the key factor for Erythropoiesis ?

A

Erythropoietin

25
Q

What are 2 maturation characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

• Nuclear condensation with ultimate extrusion of the
nucleus
• Change of cytoplasm from deep basophilic, organelle rich substance, to an orange cytoplasm that consists almost entirely of hemoglobin.

26
Q

How long do RBCs circulate?

A

about 120 days

27
Q

What other cell is present in erythroid islands of the bone marrow?

A

macrophages because they contain iron needed for proper maturation of RBCs and will phagocytose the extruded nuclei

28
Q

How are kidneys involved in the control of erythropoiesis?

A

O2 sensors in the kidney can tell if the levels are abnormal or not

Too low O2 leads to increased production of erythropoietin by the kidney which acts on the bone marrow

29
Q

Why do people get anemia with renal failure?

A

Patients with renal failure do not produce enough erythropoietin and become anemic

30
Q

What is the key factor in Thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoietin

31
Q

What are the 5 maturation characteristics of thrombopoiesis?

A
  • Increase size and DNA content
  • Nuclear division without cell division
  • Increase nuclear lobulations
  • Development of demarcation membranes and cytoplasmic granules
  • Platelet release
32
Q

What are the 5 stages of Thrombopoiesis?

A
  1. Promegakaryoblast
  2. Megakaryoblast
  3. Promegakaryocyte
  4. Granular megakaryocyte
  5. Platelet producing megakaryocyte
33
Q

What controls the rate of platelet production?

A

the flow of blood

34
Q

Why do patients with liver failure often have decreased platelet count?

A

because liver produces thrombopoietin

35
Q

What is the key regulatory factor for granulopoiesis?

A

G-CSF

36
Q

What are 2 maturation characteristics of granulopoiesis

A
  1. nuclear segmentation

2. acquisition of primary , then secondary granules

37
Q

What type of mechanism controls granulopoiesis

A

negative feedback mechanism

38
Q

What are the 6 stages (in order) of granulopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band
  6. Segmented Neutrophils
39
Q

What occurs during the myeloblast stage?

A

Production of 1º granules

- earliest most immature stage

40
Q

What happens during the promyelocyte stage? what things are present

A
  1. Largest cell stage
  2. many 1º granules
  3. Paranuclear hoff (golgi region)
    - lots of protein synthesis
41
Q

What happens during the Myelocyte stage? what is special about this stage

A

Last stage with proliferative potential

2º granule formation

42
Q

What happens during the metamyelocyte stage ?

A
  1. Nuclear indentation

2. secondary granules now outnumber the primary ones

43
Q

What is present at the Band stage?

A

Horseshoe nucleus

- segmentation is now more than half the nuclear diameter

44
Q

What are two maturation characteristics of monocytopoiesis?

A
  • Gradual nuclear folding

* Acquisition of cytoplasmic granules

45
Q

What is the key maturation factor for monocytopoeisis?

A

M-CSF

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of monocyte development?

A
  1. Monoblast
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Mature monocyte
47
Q

What is acute myeloid leukemia?

A
  • Mutations that preserve self renewing but interfere with maturation lead to continuous proliferation of immature daughter cells.
  • These eventually take over the bone marrow and lead to acute myeloid leukemia.
48
Q

What is a common cause for acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Translocation between chromosome 8 and 21 which results in the production of a fusion protein called ETO

ETO binds to a binding factor AML at the core binding site upstream of target genes and also with nuclear co-receptor which in turn binds a protein that shuts of downstream genes

49
Q

the human antibody repertoire is estimated at __ different specificities

A

10^10

50
Q

What are the two genes (enzymes really?) involved in VDJ rearrangement?

A

RAG-1 and RAG-2

Human Organs and Tissues (16 decks)

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