Cardiac Anatomy

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

middle mediastinum within thoracic cavity, behind sternum, between 2nd and 6th ribs

Question 2

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 2

Fibrous (outer) and serous (inner) pericardium

Question 3

What are the layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 3

1. parietal
2. visceral (adheres to outside of heart)

Question 4

What is the pericardial space?

Answer 4

space between parietal and visceral layer, contains clear lubricant

Question 5

What is normal amount of liquid in pericardial space?

Answer 5

20-40ml

Question 6

What is the epicardium?

Answer 6

-outer layer of heart
-aka visceral layer
-covers surface of heart

Question 6

What is the myocardium?

Answer 6

-center layer of heart
-muscular tissue
-pumping mechanism

Question 7

What is the endocardium?

Answer 7

-lines inside of heart
-thin layer of endothelium and connective tissue

Question 8

What does the endocardium include?

Answer 8

-heart wall
-valves
-chordae tendinae
-papillary muscle

Question 9

What is the order of the layers of the heart? (in to out)

Answer 9

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium aka visceral (inner layer ofserous)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericarium (outer layer of serous)
Fibrous pericardium

Question 10

What is normal RA pressure?

Answer 10

0-8mmhg
LOW PRESSURE

Question 11

Where does the RA receive blood from?

Answer 11

deoxygenated blood from body

Question 12

What vessels empty into RA?

Answer 12

1. SVC
2. IVC
3. Coronary Sinus

Question 13

Where does the SVC drain blood from?

Answer 13

upper body, enters heart superiorly

Question 14

Where does the IVC drain blood from?

Answer 14

abdomen and LE, enters heart inferiorly

Question 15

Where does the coronary sinus drain blood from?

Answer 15

myocardium, enters heart posteriorly

Question 16

What is the most anterior chamber of the heart?

Answer 16

RV

Question 17

What is the normal pressure of the RV?

Answer 17

Peak systole: 16-30mmhg
End diastole: 0-8mmhg

Question 18

What is the RV landmark?

Answer 18

moderator band

Question 19

What is the moderator band?

Answer 19

septum in LV that separates inflow and outflow tracts

Question 20

What is the RVIT?

Answer 20

-region where blood is flowing into ventricle
-begins at tricuspid valve and extends into RV

Question 21

What does the RVIT consist of?

Answer 21

-valve annulus
-papillary muscle
-chordae tendinae

Question 22

What is the RVOT?

Answer 22

-region where blood flow is out
-known as INFUNDIBULUM
-extends from RV to PV

Question 23

What is the most posterior chamber of the heart?

Answer 23

LA

Question 24

What is normal pressure in the LA?

Answer 24

0-12mmhg

Question 25

Where does the LA receive blood from?

Answer 25

receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

Question 26

What is the most important chamber of the heart?

Answer 26

LV

Question 27

What is normal pressure in the LV?

Answer 27

peak systole: 100-140mmhg end diastole: 3-12mmhg

Question 28

What is the LVIT?

Answer 28

-region where blood is flowing into the ventricle -begins at mitral valve and extends into LV

Question 29

What does the LVIT consist of?

Answer 29

-valve annulus -papillary muscle -chordae tendinae

Question 30

What is the IAS?

Answer 30

thin wall that separates RA and LA

Question 31

What is the IVS?

Answer 31

separates left and right ventricles

Question 32

What are the 2 components of the IVS?

Answer 32

Membranous and muscular

Question 33

What are the categories of valves?

Answer 33

atrioventricular and semilunar

Question 34

What are the AV valve names?

Answer 34

tricuspid and mitral

Question 35

What does the tricuspid valve seperate?

Answer 35

RA and RV

Question 36

What does the mitral valve separate?

Answer 36

LA and LV

Question 37

What do valves consist of?

Answer 37

-annulus and connective tissue -valvular leaflets -chordae tendinae -paillary muscles

Question 38

When do valves open?

Answer 38

when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure (diastole)

Question 39

What are the semilunar valve names?

Answer 39

pulmonic and aortic

Question 40

What does the pulmonic valve connect?

Answer 40

RV and PA, located in FRONT

Question 41

What does the aortic valve connect?

Answer 41

LV and Aorta, posterior

Question 42

What is the sinus of valsalva?

Answer 42

gives rise to 2 coronary arteries, located just above AoV cusps

Question 43

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 43

carries deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs to get oxygen

Question 44

What does the aorta do?

Answer 44

carries oxygenated blood from LV to body

Question 45

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 45

1. Brachiocephalic aka innominate 2. Left CCA 3. Left Subclavian

Question 46

What is the flow of blood in the heart?

Answer 46

SVC/IVC RA Tricuspid Valve RV Pulmonary Valve L+R Pulmonary Arteries Lungs (oxygenate blood) Pulmonary Veins LA Mitral Valve LV AoV Aorta Body

Question 47

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 47

1: atrial depolarization/contraction 2: isovolumetric contraction 3: rapid ejection 4: reduced ejection 5: isovolumetric relaxation 6: ventricular filling

Question 48

What does the P wave represent?

Answer 48

atrial depolarization

Question 49

What does the QRS wave represent?

Answer 49

ventricular depolarization

Question 50

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 50

ventricular repolarization