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cardiac Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

force of contraction is proportional to stretch of myocardial fibers

(the heart expands with increasing blood volume)

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2
Q

how do we vary endiastolic volume?

A

change position (lie down/sit up)

breathing cycle (inhale- decrease pressure in thoracic cavity- easier to get blood in) increase in venous return

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3
Q

describe family of starling curves; what do they represent?

A

increase in sympathetic activity ; goes above normal curve

decrease; goes below (increase parasymphathetic)

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4
Q

afterloaded vs preloaded; which is starling curve?

A

preloaded; what heart sees before it contracts

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5
Q

cardiac output is dependent on:

A

venous return. (depends on how much blood gets to it. ) which in turn, depends on venous pressure

systemic resistance

pulmonary resistance

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6
Q

Venous pressure determined by:

A

1) sympathetic veno constriction (constriction of veins) decreases radius of vessels , increase pressure . Veins are volume stores. Since one way valves, if u increase pressure in veins, also increases pressure on heart, more blood flow pumped accordingly
2) Skeletal muscle pump: increase venous pressure. (contraction of ur muscle causes constriction of blood vessels, veins; increase venous pressure, push blood flow back to heart)

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7
Q

name the 4 factors that influence blood viscosity

A

•Viscosity: (internal friction. Increase vis, means increased resistance 2 flow. ) influenced by :

1) water content. Decrease H20= increase visc.
2) increased hematocrit increases viscosity.
3) increase blood lipids (ex: cholesterol) increase visc
4) increase protein content increase visc

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8
Q

hematocrit

A

number red blood cells in blood

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9
Q

describe the blood viscosity graph

A

capillaries; part where it increases steeply . in capillaries viscosity is decreasing.

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10
Q

delta P is influenced by what two things?

A

cardiac output and also diastolic rebound from arterial vessels

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11
Q

what largely determines flow rate of blood?

A

radius. flow = delta P * r^4

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12
Q

what determines blood flow resistance?

A

radius.

•Resistance is a function of vessel radius. If you decrease radius, increase resistance to blood flow. Constriction on arterial side elevatates blood pressure

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13
Q

characteristic morphology of arteries?

A

lots of elastin

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14
Q

systolic pressure is called that due to:

A

reflective of ventricular systoly (contracting, pushing blood out)

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15
Q

diastolic presure is a function of:

A

arterial rebound

push blood into large vessels- absorb and then push back. that push back or rebound gives u diastolic wave. dependent on amount of elastin.

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16
Q

how do we change pressure in arteries?

A

.Partition cardiac output via changing radius, aka resistance. Change radius by sympathetic vaso (artery) constriction. Symp nervous system innervates smooth muscle on the arterioles, contracts smooth muscle to decrease radius/ or relaxes to increase radius

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17
Q

___ (arterial/venous) side is known as our pressure reservoir

A

arterial

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18
Q

why would you never see a vein rupture due to a pressure issue, But will see an artery rupture?

A

**large vessels are more likely to blow a hole than small vessels*

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19
Q

describe area/velocity in capillaries

A

swamp anaology ; huge area, low velocity

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20
Q

why do capillaries need a low velocity?

A

capillaries do Gas exchange, nutrient exchange.

•Decrease velocity, allows time for exchange. Decrease in velocity yields increase in lateral pressure, facilitates exchange

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21
Q

Morphology of vasculature system is reflective of their jobs.

arteries characteristic? arterioles? capillaries? venules? veins?

A

Arteries: lots of elastin

Arterioles: lots of smooth muscles- partitioning

Capillaries: exchanges occuring- all we have is endothelial cells

Venules, small veins- fibrous tissue

Vein (large) : some elastin, smooth muscle. Venous return happens here

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22
Q

what do decrease in functional viscosity + Resistance in parallel do in capillaries?

A

allow us to get blood flow thru capillaries at pressures that are available . get blood thru vessels at small radius at pressures we have

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23
Q

it is at the level of the ___ that teh blood exchanges nutrients and oxygen for waste products created by metabolism

A

capillaries

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24
Q

how does blood travel from right ventricle to lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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25
Q

what do the lungs do to blood? what happens to it after?

A

oxygenate it.

once blood is oxygenated in lungs, goes to left atrium via pulmonary veins

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26
Q

once blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle, where does it go?

A

pumped out the aorta and to the arteries, arterioles, capillaries

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27
Q

function of arteries versus veins?

A

arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart while veins carry blood from the tissues/lungs TOWARDS the heart

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28
Q

describe how taking blood pressure works

A

stethoscope placed over artery. cuff inflated above arterial systolic pressure. causes artery in your arm to collapse, thus stoppin gthe flow of blood. pressure in cuff is decreased - as soon as it is below systolic pressure, blood will jet thru the small opening in the artery. flow thru artery is turbulent b/c of the great pressure pushing the blood thru such a narrow opening.

blood pressure readings are given as systolic/diastolic

29
Q

describe the composition of arteries

A

the blood that moves thru arteries is under a lot of pressure; therefore, those arteries have to be rather durable. they have thick walls and are composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue that contain both collagenous and elastic fibers. elasticity of the arteries prevents blood pressure from becoming too high when ejected out of heart

30
Q

describe how regulation of circulatory system is controlled partly by sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system speeds up heart via SA node

31
Q

where is mitral valve and what is its job?

A

sits between left atrium and ventricle; works to make sure blood only goes A to V, and not other way around

32
Q

what is the SA node’s job?

A

pacemaker of the heart

33
Q

describe the pathway that would occur if there was a decrease in arterial pressure

A

less stretch on the aortic arteries; baroreceptors sense this, send impulses to the medulla

medulla activates sympathethic system, noreprinephrine is released at the SA node to increase the rate of the heart

increased heart rate then elevatres blood pressure

34
Q

define cardiac output, with units

A

cardiac output = (stroke volume- liters/beat)(heart rate- beat/min)

35
Q

____ stabilize the AV valves because they get a lot of pressure put on them

A

Cordae tendons

36
Q

why does the left side of the heart look bigger than the right side of the heart?

A

it has to generate more pressure, to pump blood to the tissues of the body

37
Q

why are heart attacks fatal at 40 but not 70?

A

As u age, develop more connections between your blood vessels, so if one gets compromised, another can take its place

This is why often heart attacks are not fatal at 70, but ARE fatal at 40

38
Q

draw a pressure volume graph of left, right ventricles of heart

note where AV valve opens and closes

note diastole, systole

note residual volume, endiastolic volume

A

residual: to the left of the graph

green/purple: diastole

39
Q

how do you calculate ejection fraction and what is it?

A

stroke volume/ endiastolic volume.

amount of blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction

40
Q

how does the pressure/volume curve change with exercise?

A
  1. Cardiac output will increase—heart rate and stroke volume increase
  2. More contractile strength causes more pressure in the muscle due to contraction
  3. Increase the stroke volume and ejection fraction—release more blood as a result of contraction—aortic valve stays open longer
41
Q

what is afterload?

A
  1. Hypertension (high blood pressure). Heart needs to generate more force to overcome the higher pressure. This is afterload
  2. Aortic valve closes more quickly/sooner than expected because there is more pressure on it
  3. Gets less blood to it (lower venous return)
42
Q

preload vs afterload

A

preload is stretch: The amount of volume being returned to the right side of the heart from systemic circulation.

Afterload is squeeze. The amount of resistance the left side of the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood.

43
Q

describe the two types of cardiac fiber of interest, and why cardiac muscle is special and different from other muscle types

A

Neither smooth nor skeletal muscle can initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contractile mechanism.

  1. Contractile fibers: generate tension, force (contractions to move blood out)
  2. Conducting fibers: specialized for electrical activity (action potentials)
44
Q

what are you doing when you use electric shock paddles on a cardiac patient?

A
  1. electrical signal causes the contractions. If there is an issue with the electrical signal (circus electrical activity—things are off timing) there are messed up contractions and no pumping of blood and death.
  2. Use shock paddles to polarize all cells at once and then they all depolarize at once to “reset” the pacemaker
45
Q

describe nervouse system regulation of cardiac outputs, including chronotopic and inotropic effects

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system innervates SA node, AV node and ventricle fibers
    1. Increases our force of contraction (greater ejection fraction)—positive inotropic effect
    2. and increases our heart rate–positive chronotropic effect
      1. this happens when we exercise we activate SNS so we can increase cardiac output of the heart
      2. norepinephrine is used as neurotransmitter to do this
46
Q
  1. when we increase heart rate we increase beats per minute so length of heart beat shortens but it doesn’t shorten proportionately; of systole and diastole, which reamins the saem and which changes?
A

diastole portion shortens (filling time decreases) and the systole portions remains the same

so same # contractions, less time in between

47
Q

describe net pressure at venous end, arterial end, and middle of a capillary

A

ARTERIAL END: +11 mmHg OUT. Also takes nutrients with it- fluids amino aicds etc. PUSH FLUID OUT- filtration

MID SECTION : pressure drops- convert pressure energy to flow- comes out to 0

VENOUS: -9 mmHg. Negative means draw fluid in; reabsorption.

48
Q

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

A

Oncotic or colloid osmotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma or interstitial fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is the force generated by the pressure of fluid within or outside of capillary on the capillary wall.

49
Q

Precapillary sphincter: (last layer of venous regulation)

A

a band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries

50
Q

oncotic vs capillary pressure ; which stays constant?

A

Oncotic pressure stays constant

Capillary pressure changes

51
Q

do our bodies do excess absorption or filtration?

A

filtration.

during exercise, filtration goes way up

52
Q

if an individual does not make enough plasma protein, more filtration, less reabsorption: what does this result in?

A

protein malnutrition- bloated tummy/abdominal area- starvation in which you are protein deficient

53
Q

describe how Precap sphincters control auto regulation of blood flow, and what 4 factors cause it to do this

A

: can constrict or relax. Smooth muscle. Senisitve to local metabolites

Relaxation of smooth muscle- increase radius, increases flow , directly proportional) . Relaxation is caused by:

  1. increased pressure of CO2. increase in pCO2 at tissues means increased breathing/work ; need more nutrients
  2. Decrease in pO2 also cuases this
  3. Histamine- allergic response
  4. Lactic acid
54
Q

job of lymph system?

A

absorbs excess fluid from capillaries

55
Q

explain how Kwashiorkor’s disease relates to edema

A

a severe form of malnutrition, caused by a deficiency in dietary protein. The extreme lack of protein causes an osmotic imbalance in the gastro-intestinal system causing swelling of the gut diagnosed as an edema or retention of water.

56
Q

describe what happens when right atrium fills with blood

A

its pressure increases, which then opens the atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve and fills the right ventricle

57
Q

what happens once the right ventricle is filled with blood?

A

it contracts, and the back pressure closes the AV valve

pressure opens pulmonary valve

58
Q

what’s normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

59
Q

why are gap junctions and intercalated disks important in cardiac muscle?

A

all cardiac muscles are connected to nervous system

60
Q

describe the 5 steps an electrical signal takes as it travels through the heart

A
  1. SA node
  2. conducting fibers from SA node relay signal
  3. AV node- slows signal
  4. Bundle of His conducts signal to apex (bottom)
  5. perkinje fibers send signal to ventricles

and then it travels back up; contraction goes from bottom to top

61
Q

regulation of cardiac output (macro here) is via which 3 ways?

A

nervous system, blood pressure, and blood chemistry

62
Q

describe nervous system regulation of cardiac output

A
  • parasympathetic nervous system innervates SA node and AV node (vagus nerve)
    1. we get negative chronotropic effects (drops heart rate)
    2. negative inotropic effects (drops ejection rate and force of contraction)
    3. ultimately, we decrease cardiac output
    4. acetylcholine is used as neurotransmitter
  • Sympathetic:
  • Sympathetic nervous system innervates SA node, AV node and ventricle fibers
    1. Increases our force of contraction (greater ejection fraction)—positive inotropic effect
    2. and increases our heart rate–positive chronotropic effect
    3. this happens when we exercise we activate SNS so we can increase cardiac output of the heart
    4. norepinephrine is used as neurotransmitter to do this
  • sympathetic:
63
Q

blood pressure regulation of cardiac output

A
  1. use baroreceptors found in carotid and aortic area
  2. if decrease in BP, baroreceptors pick this up and send info to medulla (cardiac center). Then we increase cardiac output to bring the BP back up (increase SNS and decrease PNS)
  3. increase in BP, must decrease cardiac output
  4. when we exercise the BP goes up. We override the baroreceptor response so we can have increased BP
64
Q

blood chemistry regulation of cardiac output

A
  1. pO2, pCO2, pH (chemoreceptors on the arterial side and medulla)
  2. if pCO2 is increased, we must increase cardiac output. Medulla picks up signal from chemoreceptors and makes appropriate changes to increase cardiac output
65
Q

describe sympathetic veno constriction and its effects

A

norepinephrine released 2 smooth muscles on venous side, causes constriction, increase in venous pressure,

66
Q

Does the stroke volume increase or decrease when a standing person lies down?

A

increase

67
Q

In what structure is the pressure called the “afterload”

A

aorta

68
Q

The parasympatheticnervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to (accelerate/decrease) the heart rate.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine) to (accelerate/decrease) the heart rate.

A

sympathetic: accelerate
para: decrease

69
Q

would parasympathetic nervous system have positive or negative chronotropic effects?

A

negative

(remember- sympathetic system “makes your heart race”)

bio II, spring (12 decks)

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