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CPD Vocab II > Cardiac 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primary hypertension

A

dt genetics and lifestyle. (multifactorial and poorly understood)

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2
Q

secondary hypertension

A

dt pathological process e.g. alcohol, OCP, sympathomimetics, corticosteroids, cocaine

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3
Q

*if pt has malignant/moderate-severe hypertensive retinopathy and under 30yrs…

A

look for secondary cause!

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4
Q

signs and sxs of HTN

A

usu asymptomatic!
may have dizziness, facial flushing, HA, fatigue, epistaxis, nervousness
may have 4th heart sound

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5
Q

How to dx HTN

A

2 BP readings on 3 days….average

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6
Q

Malignant HTN

A

now called mod-severe hypertensive retinopathy. HTN w retinal hemorrhages, exudates, papilledema
(usu diastolic >120mmHg)

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7
Q

hypertensive urgency

A

severe HTN defined by a diastolic BO >120 mmHg in asx pts

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8
Q

Tests for HTN

A

UA, resting ECG, homocysteine, CMP, fractionated lipids

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9
Q

Risks factors for CAD and atherosclerosis

A

obesity, dyslipidemia, HTN, insulin resistance, prothrombic states, inflammation, smoking, elevated CRP

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10
Q

Signs and sxs of CAD

A

can be asymptomatic for decades.

sxs depend on where plaque is! angina, TIA, IC…unstable angina, stroke, limb pain, sudden death

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11
Q

IC

A

intermittent claudication. angina in legs

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12
Q

*if it is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest…

A

think CAD!

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13
Q

angina pectoris etiology

A

dt ischemia. leading cause of death in industrialized countries (dt atherosclerosis)

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14
Q

Signs and sxs of angina pectoris

A

transient precordial pain (brought on by exertion, relieved w rest); substernal heaviness. Lasts 2-5 min
Worse with: cold air, after meal, anxiety, morning
elevated HR and BP
*patterns consistent for an individual

(may also have SOB, belching, nausea, indigestion, dizziness)

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15
Q

variant angina

A

due to coronary a spasm. occurs at rest.

see ST elevation on EKG, happens at same time each day

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16
Q

silent ischemia

A

CAD without symptoms…DM!

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17
Q

chest pain DDX

A

GI dz, pulmonary dz, pericarditis, psychological, costochondral separation, costochondritis, dyspnea, aortic dissection, MVP, radiculopathy

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18
Q

unstable angina

A

NOT destroying heart cells. no change in cardiac enzymes. transient ECG changes

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19
Q

NSTEMI

A

Non-ST segment elevation MI. myocardial necrosis without acute ST elevation of Q waves. increased cardiac enzymes

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20
Q

STEMI

A

ST segment elevation MI. more dramatic symptom picture

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21
Q

cardiac enzyme that sticks around longest

A

Troponin. 10 days. (onset 3-12 hrs)

22
Q

cardiac enzyme that comes first, leaves first

A

Myoglobin. 1-4 hrs onset, duration 24 hrs

23
Q

acute coronary syndrome etiology

A

Obstruction of artery, usu dt thrombus in coronary a

24
Q

Testing is suspect MI

A

ECG within 10 mins (see inverted T wave and small ST elevation), cardiac enzymes

25
Q

Complications of MI

A

Arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial rupture, hypotension, post MI syndrome: pericarditis, pleural effusion, pneumonitis, fever

26
Q

Caused of CHF

A

Structural abnormalities, cardiomyopahties, valve dz, MI, CAD, HTN, arrhythmias

27
Q

What can LCHF lead to?

A

RCHF plus renal insufficiency, liver dz

28
Q

LCHF

A

W decrease in CO, pulmonary venous P rises…edema and SOB

Ssxs: DOE, tachycardia, cold intolerance, cough/wheezing, S3 and S4, displaced apical impulse

29
Q

DDX things that cause pulmonary edema

A

LCHF, ARDS, COPD, IPF, cancer

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

30
Q

RCHF SSxs

A

Fatigue, ankle swelling, ascites, sense of fullness, JVD, hepatomegaly, peripheral cyanosis, cool extremities

31
Q

RCHF causes

A

LCHF, sever lung disorders (cor pulmonale), PEs, RV infarction, pulmonary HTN

32
Q

DDX things that cause peripheral edema and hepatomegaly

A

RCHF, nephrotic syndrome, idiopathic edema, myxedema, lymphedema, liver dz, pericarditis

33
Q

Tests to dx CHF

A

Echocardiography!! (See LVH, reduced wall motion/EF)

CXR, BNP

34
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlargement of RV secondary to lung dz

Ssxs: RCHF signs, lung issues!, SOB, syncope, chest pain

35
Q

How to dx cor pulmonale

A

Echo, CXR, BNP, ECG

36
Q

Causes of cardiomyopathy

A

Drugs, chemical, radiation, serum rxns, CT dzs, virus/bacteria, aging, thyroid dz, anemia, nutritional def (selenium, CoQ10)

Dx: ECG, CXR, echo

37
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Systolic dysfunction

Sxs: SOB, fatigue, peripheral edema

38
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Diastolic dysfunction
20-40 yrs.
sxs: chest pain, SOB, palpitations, syncope

39
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Stiff, resist filling. –>pulmonary HTN.

sxs: arrhythmias, AV block, S4, weakness, SOB, hepatomegaly, JVD

40
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Dt weird discharge from SA node or “ectopic pacemaker”

Sxs: asx, palpitations, sxs of hemodynamic compromise (SOB, chest discomfort, presyncope), cardiac arrest

41
Q

How to dx an arrhythmia

A

12 lead ECG, electrolytes, diet analysis

42
Q

Bradyarrhythmias

A

Rate <60bpm. Problem in AV node or His-Purkinje sys

43
Q

Tachyarrythmias

A

Rate >100bpm. Dt sympathetic stimulation, hypertrophy, ischemia

44
Q

Sinus node dysfunction

A

Sick sinus syndrome. Supraventricular arrhythmia. Dt SA node fibrosis.

Sxs: slow, irregular pulse

*def dx: electrophysiology study done by cardiologist

45
Q

Atrial premature beats

A

Etiology: emotion, fatigue, alcohol, tobacco, coffee, stimulants

Dx: ECG: early P wave

46
Q

Wandering atrial pacemaker

A

WAP! 3+ P waves. Irregularly irregular w random discharge from ectopic foci
Usu in hypoxic/COPD

47
Q

Multi focal atrial tachycardia

A

MAT. Well organized contractions but fast and from a different area

Not wandering but racing

48
Q

Atrial tachycardia

A

Regular. Single naughty focus has taken over. Rare

49
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

No discernible P wave! Atria depolarize from variety of foci… Chaotic motion and random reentry
Quiz: **Irregularly irregular. Common, esp w preexisting heart condition
Increased risk of thrombus

50
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Rapid, Regular rhythm.
Causes: CAD, MI, inflammatory dz, rheumatic heart dz
Dx: ECG: sawtooth P waves, normal QRS
(Easier to tx than Afib)

51
Q

Ventricular premature beats

A

Ectopic beats generated in ventricle and transmitted outside the usu conduction sys.
Pts have flip flop sensation
ECG: early QRS is widened notched and slurred, no P wave, inverted T wave

52
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Regular rhythm. Irregular thready pulse
ECG: inverted T waves, no P

*cardiac emergency if prolonged

CPD Vocab II (9 decks)

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