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CPD Vocab II > Cardiac 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primary hypertension

A

dt genetics and lifestyle. (multifactorial and poorly understood)

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2
Q

secondary hypertension

A

dt pathological process e.g. alcohol, OCP, sympathomimetics, corticosteroids, cocaine

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3
Q

*if pt has malignant/moderate-severe hypertensive retinopathy and under 30yrs…

A

look for secondary cause!

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4
Q

signs and sxs of HTN

A

usu asymptomatic!
may have dizziness, facial flushing, HA, fatigue, epistaxis, nervousness
may have 4th heart sound

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5
Q

How to dx HTN

A

2 BP readings on 3 days….average

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6
Q

Malignant HTN

A

now called mod-severe hypertensive retinopathy. HTN w retinal hemorrhages, exudates, papilledema
(usu diastolic >120mmHg)

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7
Q

hypertensive urgency

A

severe HTN defined by a diastolic BO >120 mmHg in asx pts

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8
Q

Tests for HTN

A

UA, resting ECG, homocysteine, CMP, fractionated lipids

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9
Q

Risks factors for CAD and atherosclerosis

A

obesity, dyslipidemia, HTN, insulin resistance, prothrombic states, inflammation, smoking, elevated CRP

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10
Q

Signs and sxs of CAD

A

can be asymptomatic for decades.

sxs depend on where plaque is! angina, TIA, IC…unstable angina, stroke, limb pain, sudden death

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11
Q

IC

A

intermittent claudication. angina in legs

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12
Q

*if it is brought on by exercise and relieved by rest…

A

think CAD!

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13
Q

angina pectoris etiology

A

dt ischemia. leading cause of death in industrialized countries (dt atherosclerosis)

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14
Q

Signs and sxs of angina pectoris

A

transient precordial pain (brought on by exertion, relieved w rest); substernal heaviness. Lasts 2-5 min
Worse with: cold air, after meal, anxiety, morning
elevated HR and BP
*patterns consistent for an individual

(may also have SOB, belching, nausea, indigestion, dizziness)

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15
Q

variant angina

A

due to coronary a spasm. occurs at rest.

see ST elevation on EKG, happens at same time each day

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16
Q

silent ischemia

A

CAD without symptoms…DM!

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17
Q

chest pain DDX

A

GI dz, pulmonary dz, pericarditis, psychological, costochondral separation, costochondritis, dyspnea, aortic dissection, MVP, radiculopathy

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18
Q

unstable angina

A

NOT destroying heart cells. no change in cardiac enzymes. transient ECG changes

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19
Q

NSTEMI

A

Non-ST segment elevation MI. myocardial necrosis without acute ST elevation of Q waves. increased cardiac enzymes

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20
Q

STEMI

A

ST segment elevation MI. more dramatic symptom picture

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21
Q

cardiac enzyme that sticks around longest

A

Troponin. 10 days. (onset 3-12 hrs)

22
Q

cardiac enzyme that comes first, leaves first

A

Myoglobin. 1-4 hrs onset, duration 24 hrs

23
Q

acute coronary syndrome etiology

A

Obstruction of artery, usu dt thrombus in coronary a

24
Q

Testing is suspect MI

A

ECG within 10 mins (see inverted T wave and small ST elevation), cardiac enzymes

25
Complications of MI
Arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial rupture, hypotension, post MI syndrome: pericarditis, pleural effusion, pneumonitis, fever
26
Caused of CHF
Structural abnormalities, cardiomyopahties, valve dz, MI, CAD, HTN, arrhythmias
27
What can LCHF lead to?
RCHF plus renal insufficiency, liver dz
28
LCHF
W decrease in CO, pulmonary venous P rises...edema and SOB Ssxs: DOE, tachycardia, cold intolerance, cough/wheezing, S3 and S4, displaced apical impulse
29
DDX things that cause pulmonary edema
LCHF, ARDS, COPD, IPF, cancer | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
30
RCHF SSxs
Fatigue, ankle swelling, ascites, sense of fullness, JVD, hepatomegaly, peripheral cyanosis, cool extremities
31
RCHF causes
LCHF, sever lung disorders (cor pulmonale), PEs, RV infarction, pulmonary HTN
32
DDX things that cause peripheral edema and hepatomegaly
RCHF, nephrotic syndrome, idiopathic edema, myxedema, lymphedema, liver dz, pericarditis
33
Tests to dx CHF
Echocardiography!! (See LVH, reduced wall motion/EF) | CXR, BNP
34
Cor pulmonale
Enlargement of RV secondary to lung dz Ssxs: RCHF signs, lung issues!, SOB, syncope, chest pain
35
How to dx cor pulmonale
Echo, CXR, BNP, ECG
36
Causes of cardiomyopathy
Drugs, chemical, radiation, serum rxns, CT dzs, virus/bacteria, aging, thyroid dz, anemia, nutritional def (selenium, CoQ10) Dx: ECG, CXR, echo
37
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Systolic dysfunction Sxs: SOB, fatigue, peripheral edema
38
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Diastolic dysfunction 20-40 yrs. sxs: chest pain, SOB, palpitations, syncope
39
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Stiff, resist filling. -->pulmonary HTN. sxs: arrhythmias, AV block, S4, weakness, SOB, hepatomegaly, JVD
40
Arrhythmias
Dt weird discharge from SA node or "ectopic pacemaker" Sxs: asx, palpitations, sxs of hemodynamic compromise (SOB, chest discomfort, presyncope), cardiac arrest
41
How to dx an arrhythmia
12 lead ECG, electrolytes, diet analysis
42
Bradyarrhythmias
Rate <60bpm. Problem in AV node or His-Purkinje sys
43
Tachyarrythmias
Rate >100bpm. Dt sympathetic stimulation, hypertrophy, ischemia
44
Sinus node dysfunction
Sick sinus syndrome. Supraventricular arrhythmia. Dt SA node fibrosis. Sxs: slow, irregular pulse *def dx: electrophysiology study done by cardiologist
45
Atrial premature beats
Etiology: emotion, fatigue, alcohol, tobacco, coffee, stimulants Dx: ECG: early P wave
46
Wandering atrial pacemaker
WAP! 3+ P waves. Irregularly irregular w random discharge from ectopic foci Usu in hypoxic/COPD
47
Multi focal atrial tachycardia
MAT. Well organized contractions but fast and from a different area Not wandering but racing
48
Atrial tachycardia
Regular. Single naughty focus has taken over. Rare
49
Atrial fibrillation
No discernible P wave! Atria depolarize from variety of foci... Chaotic motion and random reentry Quiz: **Irregularly irregular. Common, esp w preexisting heart condition Increased risk of thrombus
50
Atrial flutter
Rapid, Regular rhythm. Causes: CAD, MI, inflammatory dz, rheumatic heart dz Dx: ECG: sawtooth P waves, normal QRS (Easier to tx than Afib)
51
Ventricular premature beats
Ectopic beats generated in ventricle and transmitted outside the usu conduction sys. Pts have flip flop sensation ECG: early QRS is widened notched and slurred, no P wave, inverted T wave
52
Ventricular tachycardia
Regular rhythm. Irregular thready pulse ECG: inverted T waves, no P *cardiac emergency if prolonged

CPD Vocab II (9 decks)

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