Cardiac Flashcards
Nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease
Heredity, age, gender
Modifiable risk factors for heart disease
HTN, high serum lipid levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
PVR is related to …
Diameter of blood vessel and blood viscosity
What is considered hypertension?
Measurement of 140/90 on 3 separate days
What is essential hypertension?
No single known cause
What is secondary hypertension?
Known cause (eg. renal disease, pregnancy, thyroid disease, cocaine, estrogen, steroids)
Hypertensive emergency
S > 180, D > 120
Hypertensive urgency
BP super high but no evidence of impending organ damage
How do you treat hypertensive crises?
Continuous IV infusion of a short acting titratable antihypertensive agent
Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen
Coronary atherosclerosis
Caused by imbalance between coronary arteries’ supply of oxygen and cardiac muscle’s demand for oxygen
Angina
How to treat angina?
Should last 3-5 min, decrease with rest and nitroglycerin
Call 911 after how many nitroglycerin?
After 1 nitro, if there is no relief
Inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump
Heart failure
Causes of heart failure
Primarily MI or HTN
Symptoms of L sided heart failure
SOB, crackles, pulmonary edema, cough, confusion/fatigue, low O2 sats
Symptoms of R sided heart failure
Distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, ascites, dependent edema, weight changes (the Rest of the body)
Metabolic syndrome = any of the following 3
Waist circumference (> 40 in men, 35 in women), TG > 150, HDL < 40 men 50 women, BP > 130/85, fasting glucose > 100
Cardiac enzymes released into circulation when myocardial cells die
Creatine kinase - CK-MB
Regulates contractile process, increased levels indicate recent MI damage
Troponin T and I
Where are the three leads placed for ECG?
RA, LA, LL
P wave represents
Atrial depolarization, SA node fires
PR interval represents
Conduction of impulse to ventricles
Normal PR interval
0.12-0.2 sec
QRS complex represents
Ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization
Normal QRS complex
< 0.12 sec
ST segment represents
Ventricular depolarization and beginning of repolarization
Elevation or suppression of ST segment may indicate…
Cardiac ischemia
Ca controls
contraction
Na controls
conduction
K controls
repolarization
Atrial rate =
P waves
Ventricular rate =
R waves
How many mL of blood should be ejected from the ventricle?
70-80 mL
