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pathology > carcinogenesis > Flashcards

carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different genetic legions that could be present in cancer?

A 
amplification
deletion
point mutation 
translocation
epigenetic changes
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2
Q

amplification

A

increases expression of of growth promoting genes

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3
Q

translocation

A

generates fusion proteins with altered function

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4
Q

point mutation

A

creates proteins with affected constitutive cell signaling capacities

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5
Q

deletion

A

affects growth inhibiting and dna repair genes

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6
Q

epigenetic changes

A

reversible changes in gene expression

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7
Q

how do miRNAs contribute to carcinogenesis?

A

regulating expression of growth/survival/death genes

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8
Q

carcinogenesis involves four classes of growth regulatory genes what are they?

A

proto oncogenes
tumor suppressor
dna repair
genes regulated programmed cell death

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9
Q

when oncogene mutated what does it form?

A

oncogene

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10
Q

oncogenes function

A

deregulate growth promoting signals = tumor cell in control of growth

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11
Q

in normal conditions whats the role of an activated RAS?

A

when cell stimulated through GF receptor transduce proliferative signals to nucleus

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12
Q

what happens in RAS oncogene / mutation in RAS?

A

constituitive signalling of pathway without a growth factor

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13
Q

over expression of EGF (epidermal growth factor receptor)

A

breast lung and other tumors

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14
Q

constitutive activation of signaling molecules downstream the receptors –> BRAF

A

melanoma + thyroid cancer

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15
Q

constitutive activation of signaling molecules downstream the receptors –> ABL

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

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16
Q

constitutive activation of signaling molecules downstream the receptors –> beta catenin

A

liver cancer

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17
Q

overproduction / unregulated activity of transcription factor C-MYC

A

lymphoma

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18
Q

mutations that activate cyclin genes / inactivate negative regulators of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases ( CDK and CDK inhibitor) result it …

A

uncontrolled cell cycle progression

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19
Q

mutations that activate cyclin genes / inactivate negative regulators of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase are ass with

A

melanomas

brain lung and pancreatic cancer

20
Q

what does G2/ m checkpoint check?

A

dna replicated

dna not damaged

21
Q

Go checkpoint

A

mitogens and antimitogenic and differentiation signals

22
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

size

dna damage

23
Q

what detects dna damage and inhibits cell cycle at G1 and G2?

A

p53

24
Q

lifraumeni syndrome

A

inherited p53 mutation –> predisposition to breast cancer sarcomas and other neoplasms

25
Q

what controls G1/S transition>

A

RB gene

26
Q

retinoblastoma

A

2 mutated RB genes lead to neoplastic proliferation of retinal cells

27
Q

what are the four key cell cycle regulators?

A

Rb
CDKN2A
cyclin D
CDK4

28
Q

what are the mechanisms used by the tumor cell to evade death

A

reduced c95

inactivate death induced signaling complex

BCL2 up regulation causing reduced release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion

reduced levels of apoptotic BAX

loss of of APAF-1
upregulation of inhibitors of apoptosis

29
Q

proangiogenic factor

A

VEGF ( if elevated poor prognosis and increased risk of metastases)

30
Q

BRCA1 and 2

A

dna repair genes mutated in breast cancer

31
Q

dna mismatch repair pathway mutated in…

A

hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

32
Q

nucleotide excision repair pathway mutated in …

A

xeroderma pigementosum

33
Q

what cytokines stimulate tumor cell motility and EMT?

A

TNF annf TGF beta

34
Q

what is used to treat colonic adenomas?

A

COX2

35
Q

x ray workers

A

leukemia

36
Q

radio isotopes

A

thyroid carcinoma

37
Q

atomic explosion

A

skin cancer

leukemia

38
Q

polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

lung cancer

39
Q

aromatic amines and azo dyes

A

carcinoma of the bladder

40
Q

HTLV1

A

T cell leukemia /lymphoma

41
Q

HPV

A

carcinoma of cervix

42
Q

HBV and HCV

A

primary hepatocellular carcinoma

43
Q

EBV

A

lymphoma

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

44
Q

HHV 8

A

kaposi sarcoma

45
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

gastric cancer

pathology (11 decks)

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