carboxylic acids and esters

Question 1

solubility of carboxylic acids

Answer 1

hydrogen bonds form between the -OH of the carboxyl group and water
solubility decreases as chain length increases as a larger proportion of the molecule is non-polar

Question 2

acid reactions of carboxylic acids

Answer 2

carboxylic acids are weak acids
they react with metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates to for carboxylate salts

Question 3

naming esters

Answer 3

alkyl alkanoate
alkyl from alcohol
alkanoate from carboxyl

Question 4

preparation of an ester from an alcohol and carboxylic acid

Answer 4

reagents = alcohol and carboxylic acid
conditions = H2SO4 catalyst and heat
forms an ester and water

Question 5

preparation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol

Answer 5

reagents = alcohol and acyl chloride
conditions = room temperature
forms an ester and HCl

Question 6

preparation of an acyl chloride from a carboxylic acid

Answer 6

reagents = SOCl2 and carboxylic acid
conditions = anhydrous
forms an acyl chloride, HCl and SO2

Question 7

preparation of a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride

Answer 7

reagents = acyl chloride and water
forms a carboxylic acid and HCl

Question 8

preparation of an ester from an acid anhydride and alcohol

Answer 8

reagents = acid anhydride and alcohol
conditions = gentle heat and anhydrous
forms an ester and a carboxylic acid

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

breaking of a covalent bond by its reaction with water

Question 10

acid-catalysed hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 10

reagents = aqueous acid (HCl)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Question 11

base-catalysed hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 11

reagents = aqueous alkali (NaOH)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms a carboxylate salt and an alcohol

Question 12

acid anhydride

Answer 12

examples
CH3COOCOCH3
W shaped