amines, amino acids and polymers Flashcards
how amines act as a weak base
the N atom donates its lone pair
to form a dative covalent bond with a proton
the amine is a proton acceptor
preparation of an amine from a haloalkane
reagents = haloalkane and ammonia
conditions = excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol
forms an amine and HX (HCl, HBr etc.)
disadvantages of further substitution
low percentage yield of desired amine
separation by fractional distillation required
preparation of an amine from a nitrile
reagents = nitrile and H2
conditions = Ni catalyst
forms an amine
preparation of an aromatic amine
reagents = nitrobenzene, tin and concentrated HCl [H]
conditions = heat under reflux
forms phenylamine and water
preparation of amides
react an acyl chloride or a carboxylic acid with ammonia or an amine
acid-catalysed hydrolysis of amides
reagents = aqueous acid (HCl)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms an alkyl ammonium salt and a carboxylic acid
base-catalysed hydrolysis of amides
reagents = aqueous alkali (NaOH)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms a carboxylate salt and an amine
structure of an amino acid
CH(R)(NH2)(COOH)
chiral centre
a carbon with four different groups attached to it
drawn as a 3D structure in a tetrahedral shape
condensation polymers
can involve two monomers, each with a different functional group or one monomer with two different functional groups
a small molecule is lost
monomers that can form a polyester
diol and dicarboxylic acid
diol and diacyl chloride
monomer with a carboxyl and alcohol group
monomers that can form a polyamide
diamine and dicarboxylic acid
diamine and diacyl chloride
monomer with a carboxyl and amine group
acid-catalysed hydrolysis of polyesters
reagents = aqueous acid (HCl)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms a diol and a dicarboxylic acid
base-catalysed hydrolysis of polyesters
reagents = aqueous alkali (NaOH)
conditions = heat under reflux
forms a diol and a dicarboxylate salt
