Carboxylic acids and esters Flashcards
how to make an ester
alcohol and carboxylic acid
esterfication
reversible reaction
H2SO4 catalyst
water is always the product
hydrolysis definition
breaking of a bond via water
equilibrium reactions
acid catalysed hydrolysis
H+ catalyst
hard to get a high yield of the carb acid and alcohol
base catalysed hydrolysis
warm aqueous NaOH
carb acid forms then turns into a salt
increases yield except if carb aid is the desired product
IUPAC name for glycerol
propane-1,2,3-triol
Tri-ester acid hydrolysis
tri-ester –> carb acid + glycerol
reflux
conc acid catalyst
Tri-ester base hydrolysis
tri-ester –> carb acid salts + glycerol
reflux
3 NaOH
purpose of biodiesel
solvents for many reactions
plasticisers
perfumes
flavouring
Fatty acid salts dissociate in water equation
RCOONa –> RCOO- + Na+
Formation of biodiesel
Fatty acid + 3 methanol –> biodiesel + glycerol
acid anhydrides
draw ethanoic anhydride
draw ethanoic propanoic anhydride
acyl chloride + water forms??
carboxylic acid
acyl chloride + alcohol forms??
ester
acyl chloride + ammonia forms??
amide
acyl chloride + amine forms??
N-substituted Amide
name of acylation reaction mechanism
nucleophilic addition-elimination
addition elimination with water mechanism
draw out mechanism with ethanoyl chloride
carboxylic acid product
HCl formed
addition elimination with alcohol mechanism
draw out mechanism with ethanoyl chloride and propan-1-ol
ester product
HCl formed
addition elimination with ammonia
draw out mechanism with propanoyl chloride and ammonia
amide is main product
HCl formed but reacts with the excess ammonia to form ammonium chloride
addition elimination with amine
draw out mechanism with propanoyl chloride and ethylamine
n-substituted amide is the main product
HCL is formed but because an amine is also present it reacts to form ammonium chloride
industrial uses of acid anhydrides rather then acyl chlorides
-less corrosive
-less volatile
-less expensive
