Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Question 1

What are the most widely distributed acyl compounds?

Answer 1

Carboxylic acids

Question 2

It is the most important of the acidic organic compounds

Answer 2

Carboxylic Acids

Question 3

They contain the carboxyl groups as their functional groups

Answer 3

Carboxylic Acids

Question 4

They are polar compounds and form very strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

Carboxylic Acids

Question 5

Values of pKa for most aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids fall within the range _______.

Answer 5

4 to 5

Question 6

The greater acidity of carboxylic acids relative to alcohols, both of which contain an OH group, is due to__________of the carboxylate anion

Answer 6

resonance stabilization

Question 7

It have a greater tendency to release a proton than
other acidic organic compound types.

Answer 7

Carboxylic Acids

Question 8

They are considered as carboxylic acid functional derivatives because they are readily hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids.

Answer 8

Nitriles

Question 9

_________ with fewer than five carbon atoms are soluble in water and form solutions that give an acidic response (pH < 7) when tested with litmus paper

Answer 9

Carboxylic acids

Question 10

Solubility in 6M NaOH is a positive identification test for ________. A carboxylic acid that is ________ in pure water will be ________ in base due to the formation of the sodium salt of the acid as the acid is _______ by the base (high molecular weight).

Answer 10

acids , insoluble, soluble, neutralized

Question 11

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid

Answer 11

Esterification

Question 12

A cyclic ester is called a _______

Answer 12

lactone

Question 13

In the Esterification reaction, alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form fruity-smelling compounds called ________.

Answer 13

esters

Question 14

The reaction is called esterification and is catalyzed by an acid such as __________.

Answer 14

concentrated H2SO4

Question 15

By using a strong acid, an alcohol can react with a _________ to give an ester.

Answer 15

carboxylic acid (Fischer esterification)

Question 16

In acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution, the ________ the carbonyl oxygen on the carboxylic acid, and thus activates the carbonyl group to nucleophilic attack, leading to the ester hydrate.

Answer 16

strong acid protonates

Question 17

Protonation of the hydroxyl group creates a superior leaving group, leading to _________ formation

Answer 17

ester

Question 18

Alcohols react with acetyl chlorides to form esters and give out hydrogen chloride gas. What test it is?

Answer 18

Acetyl Chloride Test

Question 19

Another positive test for acetyl chloride test is, the hydrogen chloride formed gives _______ of ammonium chloride with ammonium hydroxide.

Answer 19

white fumes

Question 20

All acid derivatives yield carboxylic acids on ________.

Answer 20

Hydrolysis

Question 21

The hydrolysis (in most cases) can either be ______ or _______ catalyzed

Answer 21

acid or base

Question 22

The reactivity toward hydrolysis varies greatly amongst the __________.

Answer 22

derivatives

Question 23

Positive Result: Evolution of heat after addition of H2O. Bubble (C)2) formation after addition of sodium bicarbonate.

Answer 23

Acid Hydrolysis

Question 24

In this test, alcohols react with acetyl anhydrides to form esters and carboxylic acids

Answer 24

Hydrolysis of Acetyl Anhydride

Question 25

The reaction is _________ because acid anhydride aren’t so violently reactive as acyl chloride

Answer 25

slower

Question 26

It is a reaction with water where decomposition occurs dehydration - involves loss of water.

Answer 26

Hydrolysis

Question 27

The acid catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester is simply the reverse reaction of the __________.

Answer 27

Fischer esterification

Question 28

In hydrolysis of esters, addition of _______ drives the equilibrium towards the side of the acid and alcohol.

Answer 28

excess water

Question 29

The basic hydrolysis of esters is also known as _________.

Answer 29

saponification

Question 30

_________ are the most reluctant derivatives to undergo hydrolysis, but they can be forced to by the use of vigorous conditions such as heating with 6M HCL or 40% NaOH for prolonged periods of time.

Answer 30

Amides

Question 31

Positive result: appearance of a blue color on the filter paper with ammonia or amine-like odor. After acidification, some compounds form precipitates or heterogenous mixtures. Observation of characteristic odor of carboxylic acids.

Answer 31

Base hydrolysis

Question 32

In this test, if ethanamide is heated with NaOH solution, ammonia gas is given off and a solution containing sodium ethanoate

Answer 32

Base hydrolysis

Question 33

The ________ vary greatly in their reactivity with nucleophiles.

Answer 33

carboxylic acid derivatives

Question 34

Acid chlorides hydrolyze in moist air, whereas amides hydrolyze slowly, even in boiling alkaline water
True or False

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The reactivity of acid derivatives depends on both the structures of the derivatives and also on the ___________. This order also correlates to the basicity of the _________.

Answer 35

Nature of the nucleophile
Leaving Group

Question 36

It is easy to convert more reactive derivatives into less reactive derivatives.
True or False

Answer 36

True

Question 37

An acid chloride is easily converted into an anhydride, ester, or amide, but an _____ can only be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid.

Answer 37

amide

Question 38

All conversions involve _______________ via the addition elimination mechanism.

Answer 38

nucleophilic acyl substitution

Question 39

It is a reaction of acyl chloride and acid anhydride with primary amines.

Answer 39

Anilide formation

Question 40

Positive Result: Formation of anilide precipitate

Answer 40

Anilide formation

Question 41

Carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon
dioxide gas which can be seen in the form of a brisk effervescence.

Answer 41

Sodium Bicarbonate Test

Question 42

Positive Results: Formation of bubbles (presence of CO2)

Answer 42

Sodium Bicarbonate Test