carboxylic acid derivatives Flashcards
What is the general structure of acid halides?
carboxylic acid with the hydroxyl group replaced with a halide.
How do you name acid halides?
replace the -IC ACID with -YL HALIDE
How are Acid chlorides synthesized?
They are synthesized from reacting carboxylic acids with SOCl2 or PCl5
What are some reactions of acid chlorides?
They undergo the same reactions as carboxylic acids but they are more reactive.
How do you synthesize alcohols from acid chlorides?
acid chlorides are reduced by NaBH4 to form primary alcohols. Acid chlorides react with H2/Pd/C to form carboxycilic acids, then reduces to alcohols with LiAH4
What is the general formula of acid Anhydrides?
How do you name them?
replace the acid with anhydride.
ex. acetic anhydride becomes acetic acid
What is the reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
Acid Chlorides > acid anhydrides > esters = carboxylic acids > amides > carboxylate
What is the general structure of a amide?
How do name amides?
replace the -oic acid of the corresponding carboxycilic acid with amide.
if alkyl groups are attached gto the nitrogen they are designate by N for each group.
What are the boiling point trends of amines?
unsubstituded and monosubstituded form strong hygrogen bonds and have high boiling points.
disustituted have boiling points similar to that of corresponding ketones and aldehydes.
How do you prepare amides?
reacting carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives with ammonia or a amine.
What are some reactions of amides?
Amides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl carbon
- they react with water to forn carboxylic acids and amines in acidic are basic conditions (think hydrolyzes of proteins)
- Amides are reduced by LiAlH4 to form amines
What is the general structure of esters ?
how do you name esters?
First name the alkyl groupattached to the oxygen followed by the parent acid with _ic acid replaced with -ate
wahat is the boiling point trend for esters?
they ahve boiling points similar to aldehydes and ketones because they do not have a hydrogen to form hydrogen bonds.
esters with longer R groups are less polar
How are esters sythesized?
by raecting carboxylic acids or derivatives (except amides) with alcohol in acidic or basic conditions
reactions of esters
they can be hydrolyzed to yeild carboxylic acids and alcohol in acidic or basic conditions.
What is a saponification reaction?
process of hydrolyzing triglycerides into a glycerol backbone and fatty acid chains. this is accomplished by NaOH
