Carbonyls

Question 1

What is a Carbonyl?

Answer 1

A functional group consisting of a C double bonded to an O(C=O)

Question 2

What is the difference between an Aldehyde and a ketone?

Answer 2

Aldehyde formed by oxidation of primary alcohol, ketone formed by oxidation of secondary.
aldehydes can be easily oxidised as less alkyl chains around carbonyl

Question 3

How do you go from an Aldehyde to a Carboxylic acid?

Answer 3

Add an oxidising agent(often acidified dichromate)

Question 4

What are the reducing agents often used to go from aldehydes/ketones to an alcohol?

Answer 4

• LiAlH₄ (lithium tetrahydroaluminate)
• NaBH₄ (Sodium borohydride)
• LiBH₄ (lithium borohydride)

Question 5

How are carboxylic acids involved in the formation of esters?

Answer 5

Esterification
• heat with alcohol in acidic conditions to form ester
*diol + dicarboxylic acid forms a polyester

Question 6

What is an Acid anhydride?

Answer 6

Molecule that forms when two carboxylic acids join by a condensation reaction

Question 7

What happens when you heat a carboxylic acid with a base(Alkali)?

Answer 7

Neutralisation

forms a carboxylate salt (COO-X+)

Question 8

What is an Acyl chloride?

Answer 8

Carbonyl functional group bonded to an alkyl chain and a chlorine, useful as Cl easily replaced by other things

Question 9

How are Acyl chlorides involved in the formation of esters?

Answer 9

Esterification

• heat with alcohol in acidic conditions to form ester

Question 10

How do you go from an Acyl chlorides to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 10

Hydrolysis

• forms a carboxylic acid and HCl

Question 11

How do you go from an Acyl chlorides to an amide?

Answer 11

• Conc NH3 to make a primary amide

* adding primary amine to make a secondary amide