Arenes

Question 1

What is benzene?

Answer 1

Smallest aromatic substance, that has a ring of delocalised electrons responsible for it’s wacky properties

Question 2

What reactions do aromatic compounds undergo/?

Answer 2

Electrophilic substitution reactions (Friedel crafts reactions)

Question 3

How do you Nitrate Benzene/

Answer 3

Benzene + conc Nitric acid(HNO₃) +H₂SO₄

refluxed at lower temps to form nitrobenzene

Question 4

What are the Reactants & Conditions for the halogenation of Benzene ?

Answer 4

Need a halogen and a halogen carrier(AlX₃)

Question 5

What do halogens carriers do?

Answer 5

Cause the Halogen to become a Positive ion, so that they’re susceptible to electrophilic attack

Question 6

What are the Reactants & Conditions for the acylation of Benzene ?

Answer 6

Need the acyl chloride and a halogen carrier(AlCl₃)

halogen carrier takes Cl from acyl chloride and makes the acyl group positive

Question 7

What are phenols?

Answer 7

Basically a benzene with a OH group, makes phenols more reactive as they donate electrons to ring, (oxygen P orbital overlaps with ring )increasing electron density an making more reactive

Question 8

What are directing affects?

Answer 8

When due to the group on C1, if certain other groups are added they placed on specific carbons

Question 9

What are halogen directing affects on phenols?

Answer 9

2,4,6 with 3X₂

Question 10

What are nitrate ion directing affects on phenols?

HNO3

Answer 10

2 or 4

246 in excess

Question 11

What directing affects are seen if nitrate(NO₂) and halogen groups are on a phenol?

Answer 11

Nitrate; 1

Halogen; 3 (2 away from NO2)

Question 12

how do you from Nitrobenzene TO Phenylamine

Answer 12

reduce nitrobenzene with TIN (Sn) and conc HCL
forms alkylammonium(NH₃+), react with NaOH to form amine