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chemistry > carbonyl > Flashcards

carbonyl Flashcards

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1
Q

oxidation of carbonyls

A

aldehydes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids
ketones cannot

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2
Q

reduction of carbonyls

A

LiAlh4 (or NaBH4) in dry ether

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3
Q

nucleophilic addition

A

undergo nucleophilic addition to forma hydroxy nitrile
reaction forms a raecemic mixture

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4
Q

solubility of carbonyls in water

A

Smaller aldehydes and ketones are soluble despite lack of hydrogen bonding
solubility decreases with increasing chain length

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5
Q

carbonyl test: Acidified potassium dichromate

A

aldehydes oxidised to carboxylic acid
orange dichromate (VI) into green chromium (III)
ketones show no change because cannot be oxidised

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6
Q

carbonyl test: 2, 4, DNP

A

aka brady’s reagent
reacts with all carbonyls to form and orange precipitate

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7
Q

Fehling’s solution

A

contains aqueous Cu2+ ions into Cu+ ions
blue solution to red ppt
ketones show no change because cannot be oxidised

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8
Q

tollens reagent

A

aldehydes oxidised to carboxylic acids
ketones show no change bc cannot be oxidised
colourless solution silver mirror

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9
Q

Iodine in the presence of alkali (iodoform)

A

Iodine in the presence of alkali
pale yellow precipitate of CH3I

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10
Q

formation of carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of nitriles

A

under acidic conditions
carboxylic acid and ammonium salt
Alkaline conditions produce a carboxylate ion and ammonia

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11
Q

reduction of carboxylic acids

A

strong reducing agent e.g. LiAlH4 in dry ether forms a primary alcohol

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12
Q

neutralisation of carboxylic acid

A

Carboxylic acids are weak acids, and so react with bases to form neutral salts
e.g.
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COO- +Na + H2O

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13
Q

halogenation of a carboxylic acid

A

PCl5 (strong halogenating agent) replaced the COOH group with a COCl group
acyl chloride is formed

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14
Q

esterification of a carboxylic acid

A

in the presence of an acid catalyst
reacts with alcohols to from an ester
this is a slow reversible reaction

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15
Q

reaction of acyl chloride with water

A

forms carboxylic acid and hydrochloric acid (misty white fumes)

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16
Q

reaction of acyl chloride and alcohols

A

forms an ester and HCl (gas)

17
Q

reaction of ethanoyl chloride with concentrated ammonia

A

chemistry (25 decks)

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