Carbon Chemistry N5 revision Flashcards
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Saturated-only C-C single bonds
Unsaturated-contains at least 1 C=C double bonds
Types of addition reactions
Hydrogenation
Hydration
Halogenation
H-Br
What is an addition reaction?
When 2 molecules combine to form a single molecule
How can you distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds?
Use bromine or iodine solution. Unsaturated compounds quickly recolours it (orange—>colourless)
The bromine molecules add across the C=C double bonds in an addition reaction
The greater number of double bonds present in a substance, the more bromine solution can be decolourised
What are isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
may belong to different homologous series
usually have different physical properties
isomers of alkanes?
make a branch
move branch
isomers of alkenes
move double bond
cycloalkane
make a branch
Are alcohols saturated or unsaturated?
saturated
general formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
Functional group of alcohols
Hydroxyl OH
Uses of alcohols?
alcoholic beverages
disinfectants/antibacterial
fuels
to make esters
Where do you start counting from in an alchohol?
From there the -OH functional group appears first
Functional group takes priority over branches!!!
In what order do branches occur?
alphabetical
What is a primary alcohol?
carbon containing hydroxyl group is attached to 1C
What is a secondary alcohol?
carbon containing hydroxyl group is attached to 2C
What is a tertiary alcohol?
carbon containing hydroxyl group is attached to 3C (branch)
What does an alcohol being diol or triol depend on
the number of hydroxyl functional groups
Are alcohols polar or non-polar?
Hydroxyl groups make alcohols polar and this gives rise to hydrogen bonding.
What can hydrogen bonding be used to explain in alcohols??
the properties of alcohols, including boiling points, melting points, viscosity and solubility/miscibility in water
general formula and functional group of carboxylic acids
GF-CnH2n+1COOH
FG-carboxyl COOH
Where do you start counting from in a carboxylic acid?
where the carboxyl group appears first
What must the main chain include?
the functional group
What does carboxylic acids react with to produce salt and water?
bases in a neutralisation reaction
When a carboxylic acid and base react in a neutralisation reaction, what salt is produced and what atoms make the water?
salt= -oate
water= cooH from acid and OH from hydroxide
In vinegar, what is the solute, solvent and solution?
ethanoic acid-solute
water-solvent
vinegar-solution
Uses of carboxylic acids?
preservatives in food (vinegar)
(food industry)
