carbon carbon bond formation

Question 1

What are the reagents,
conditions, mechanism for converting a haloalkane to
nitrile?

Answer 1

● ●
Regant: :CN- (from NaCN / KCN)
Conditions: heating under reflux, dissolved in ethanol (since water will form alcohols)
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution,

Question 2

What are the reagents,
conditions, mechanism for converting a carbonyl to hydroxynitrile

Answer 2

Regents: :CN- (from NaCN / KCN dissolved in ethanol since water will form alcohols) and dilute sulfuric acid. Conditions: RTP.
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition.

Question 3

What are the possible reagents and type of reaction for converting nitriles to amines? (with example)

Answer 3

● Reagents: LiAlH4 OR H2 with Ni catalyst. ● Type: reduction.

Question 4

What are the reagents, conditions, type of reaction, and examples for converting (hydroxy-)nitriles to carboxylic acids?

Answer 4

● Reagents: dilute acid (eg, dilute HCl). ● Conditions: heating under reflux.
● Type: hydrolysis.