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geography water + carbon > carbon budget > Flashcards

carbon budget Flashcards

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1
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect

A

climate change from additional heat retained due to increase in co2 and other greenhouse gases that humans have released into atmospher

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2
Q

geo sequestation

A

technology capturing GHG emissions from power stations and pumping them underground

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3
Q

radiactive forcing

A

difference in incoming solar energy absorbed and energy radiated back

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4
Q

soil organic carbon

A

organic constituent in soil, tissues from dead plant animals and products produced as these decompose in soil microbial biomass

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5
Q

carbon budget

A

amount carbon stored or transferring within carbon cycle

petagrams

most in crust and ocean
low in atm/plant as active

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6
Q

carbon budget input output

A

Inputs = volcanic eruption, burn fossil fuels, respiration, ocean loss

Outputs = photosynthesis, sequestration, decomposition, chemical weathering , ocean uptake

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7
Q

impact on lands

A

Earth warms
ice caps melt
absorb more radiation
earth warm more

Inc co2
melting permafrost
release methane
more ghg in atmosphere contribute to global warming

Wildfires vegetation releases carbon to atmosphere

Ocean acts carbon sink
absorb carbon as atmospheric co2 increases
ocean absorb more in return reduce atmospheric co2 reducing rates global warming

Plants remove co2, as levels co2 increase plants will absorb more

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8
Q

any of land feedback nullifies

A

Efforts reduce ghg emissions will help reduce greenhouse gases so less ice caps will melt. Wont be nullified

Anthropogenic activity eg fossil fuel increases so release more ghg to atmosphere and plants can only take in so much so more is released than taken in

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9
Q

carbon fertilisation

A

Process where plants use inc co2 levels in atmosphere so enhance growth and productivity

Plants photosynthesis more so more co2 converted to sugars so more growth

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10
Q

why cant plants keep growing

A

Inc co2 plants draw more nutrients from soil to allow inc growth, if run out then no matter level of carbon then growth cannot continue

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11
Q

impact inc temp grow season then carbon

A

inc length growing season and warmer

Plants can grow into other seasons and locations that wouldn’t normally

Inc photosynthesis and growth and increased decomposition releasing co2

Increase pests and yields so less carbon released as less photosynthesis

Increased temp can reduce growth drier so less plants so less taken in

Wetter then increase plant growth and more intake

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12
Q

factors affect plant growth

A

Water – rainfall patterns lead to scarcer in some arears drier

Nutrients availability

Drier soil reduces nutrient cycling so less decomposition and less co2 released

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13
Q

impact intensive farming

A

Intensive farming means more artificial fertilisers used which inc co2 emissions

2.6gt carbon produced each year from artificial fertilisers

But more growth plant so more carbon taken in by photosynthesis

More emissions from tractors

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14
Q

water scarcity impact

A

less plants grow
less photosynth
more atm
dry
wildfire
atm

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15
Q

impact on ocean

A

acidifiation

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16
Q

acidification link carb cycle

A

Ocean carbon sink

So lots taken in so less carbon in atmosphere and more into ocean

17
Q

reef impact acid + warm

A

Ocean acidic it breaks down coral so carbon is released into ocean

+

Coral live 23 to 29 degrees

If too hot, then they expel symbiotic algae that lives in tissues which gives them their colour

Bleaching
Sustained bleaching kills the corals
Coral stores carbon so if killed then more carbon released to ocean

18
Q

poles impact acid

A

Plants in the ocean will not be able to live meaning less carbon will be sequester as there will be less photosynthesis so less carbon taken in

Shells will dissolve meaning animals who live in shells wont be protected, exposing them to predators

19
Q

rock impact acid

A

Carbonate ions would be less abundant.

This is because the sea is acidic meaning it has lots of H+ ions so carbonate ions react with the excess H+ ions in the ocean meaning there is less calcium carbonate therefore there is less shells

Dissolve more carbon so more in ocean

20
Q

warm ocean impact phytoplankton hence carbon + inc atm co2

A

phytoplankton grow better in colder waters

Inc ocean temp alters ocean currents so less welling up of nutrients from deep ocean so fewer phytoplankton so carbon taken up

+

More co2 in ocean means increased growth phytoplankton

Co2 essential for growth so help fertilise species of phytoplankton so boost overall population

21
Q

melt ice impact

A

Sea ice has albedo 40% so reflect more solar energy that hits surface

Open water has lower albedo 3% so solar energy absorbed so warming amplified.

As ice melts more open water exposed so positive feedback cycle

22
Q

dec algae impact

A

40% drop in phytoplankton since 1950

As algae is primary producer it provides nutrients from range primary consumers like zooplankton small fish and crustaceans

Reduce algae means species that feed on it will have less food available so decline in population

Same effect further up food chain

Less marine organisms in sea so decreased oceanic carbon levels due to less respiration

23
Q

why salinity dec + climate impact

A

Global warming cause melt ice caps and glaciers which releases fresh water to ocean which dilutes salt concentration, so less saline conditions specifically near poles

Changes in salinity change density sea water so currents change which transport heat and nutrients so this stimulates more climate change due to change in patterns

24
Q

ocean conveyor belt

A

Belt of constantly moving system deep ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity

Moves water and nutrients around the world to supply organisms

25
Q

salinity affect climate

A

Thermohaline system driven by difference water density

Salty water denser and sinks which drives deep ocean currents

Increase fresh water has decreased salinity so water less dense so less likely to sink

Weakens formation deep water in north Atlantic region

Warmer salty water travels north to Europe on gulf stream where release heat and warms the sea

Global warming and large amounts ice melt at pole dilute salty water and weaken circulation which could cool large parts of western Europe

26
Q

sea level rise

A

rising at 3.5mm per year since the 1990

warm period ice sheets on land melt and runs to ocean so sea levels rise

Water warms so fluid expands so increases volume so sea level rises

27
Q

greenhouse effect

A

Naturally occurring

Atmosphere allows most heat sun pass to heat surface

Heat reflected from earth as long wave radiation and natural layer allows some to pass but some is trapped

28
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Human activity inc ghg in atmosphere

Less radiation can escape and more is trapped warming up the earth

Pollution from human activity means more cloud so more heat is kept in

29
Q

radioactive forcing

A

Measure in watts per square metre

Incoming solar energy and energy radiated back to space

Nearly doubled since 1979

Annual growth rate of 2%

Importance increased due to rise in atmospheric pollution and global temperature

Useful to directly measure the ways human activity has changed this including emissions ghg

30
Q

storms impacted by atm change

A

Increase ghg emissions cause earth warmed

More water evaporates

More moist air cause storm gain energy so strength storm increases

Not clear evidence it inc or dec frequency, but is evidence Atlantic hit more major storms

31
Q

water carbon linked

A

Trees cut down so release carbon. Cant photosynthesis so less water is taken in and less lost by transpiration so more water in atmosphere as well

Less evapotranspiration less rain.
Carbon washed into soil

High temp due to inc carbon so more Evapotranspiration so more rain. Trees store carbon by photosynthesis and need water to do this

More carbon in atmosphere so enhanced greenhouse effect so more solar energy absorbed by earth so warmer temperatures globally

geography water + carbon (14 decks)

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