amazon rainforest

Question 1

amazon facts

Answer 1

covers 40% S.America
largest rainforest in world

2300mm rain
27 degrees

50% worlds plant and animal species

Question 2

how carbon and water cycle related

Answer 2

carbon transported in solution

deforest inc overland flow so soil erosion so loss carbon storage

inc atmospheric carbon impact temp so impact water cycle

Question 3

water and carbon in rainforest

Answer 3

maintain global carbon balance by being sink
1/4 anthropogenic absorbed

300 tonnes carbon stored per Ha

photosynthesis takes in and stores carbon (only day)
respiration releases co2 and water (24hrs)
-becomes source at night

remove trees
less photosynthesis
trees decompose
release co2 - source

Question 4

NPP tropical v deciduois

Answer 4

2200 v 1200

Question 5

issue palm oil plants

Answer 5

remove continuous canopy
soil erosion
carbon released from soil

only store 30 tonnes per Ha

every Ha lost - 100 tonnes co2 released

cant grow with natives so completely cleared
channels formed as more runoff
more rain

Question 6

rainforest adapted to high rain + issue with soil

Answer 6

dense leaves
intercept

drip tips

nutrients leached so very fragile

Question 7

how do rainforests make own climate

Answer 7

lots evapotranspiration
hot so air rises and consenses (convectional rain)

Question 8

amazon weather facts

Answer 8

48% of rain falls as rain again
30% reaches sea accounting for 20% freshwater runoff to ocean

convectional - hot rising air/consense/fall as rain

also 8trill tonnes evaporation so high rain

hot as on equator - closest sun so little heat lost and rays focused smaller area

2300mm /yr
27degrees

Question 9

carbon cycle in rainforest

Answer 9

take in photosynth
release resp
release decomp
stored in litter

100 bill tonnes in vegetation and soil

more co2 so more productive
0.5% more biomass per year
- trees grow quicker but die younger releasing co2

carbon in soil removed in runoff leading to ocean acidification

Question 10

deforestation in amazon

Answer 10

lowest 2015 = 2000sqkm
highest 2022 = 10,000 sqkm
(inc 1000sqkm per year)

2023 anomaly break 5yr high - drop 10,000 to 5,000 (50% dec)

lots due to inflation making deforestation seem worthwile
country not got money to protect by enforcing rules through patrol for example

Question 11

impact deforestation

Answer 11

less canopy
less interception
less evaporation
more runoff
more soil erosion so carbon released
more flooding and leaching

soil compact
plants cant grow
positive feedback

less evaporation
less salt in air
less condensation nuclei
less rain

more cumulous than cumulonimbus
drought
air less humid
warms quicker
more thunderstorms

Question 12

deforestation carbon cycle

Answer 12

roots not hold soil
carbon to hydrosphere
less leaf litter
no new growth
less co2 taken in
more atmospheric
global warming

Question 13

deforest then pasture carbon cycle

Answer 13

cattle

forests absorb 11% more solar radiation - pasture land hotter
24 v 33 degrees
soil 2.8 v 8 degrees
15% less moisture

less humid
less precipitation

Question 14

deforest then burn on carbon cycle

Answer 14

carbon in burnt debris
carbon to atmosphere 30-60%

rain direct to ground
carbonised wood dissolved
carbon to sea

used to just be family plots for subsitenence farming
now large scale so loosing carbon

Question 15

climate change

Answer 15

05’ and 10’ droughts

plants die
extinct
forest fire
release co2
+
inc decomp
carbon atmosphere

thunderstorms
lighting
fire

Question 16

mitigation national level

Answer 16

tarapoto
amazon cooperation treaty organisation
environmental laws

Question 17

what is tarapoto

Answer 17

1995
policies and legal freamwork on land use
ecological and economic zoning

not upkept
countries not work together

Question 18

ACTO

Answer 18

sust development

reverse forest loss
- protect, restore,afforest,reforest, prevent illegal loggin

conservation corridors work together

Question 19

environmental laws

Answer 19

ban wood not sustainable
ban excessive logging
control land use (owners keep 50-80% land as forest)

legally binding

Question 20

local policies

Answer 20

national park
agroforestry
reforest
selective logging
soya and cattle moratorium
UNREDD global gov

Question 21

national park

Answer 21

para reserve 15mill acres

link existing reserves create conservation corridor

protects 50,000km2

allow locals continue use forest
-slash and burn and then subsistence farming
-culture
sattelite observations

Question 22

agroforestry

Answer 22

plant trees with crops

allow new land use but still sequesting carbon

Question 23

reforestation

Answer 23

harvest every 3rd tree
get crop and make profit
replant for sustainability

carbon still sequestered

native seedlings restore biodiversity

Question 24

selective logging

Answer 24

only fell some
leaves canopy open for soil erosion
regen to 2nd forest but takes time and doesnt sequest as much as 1st

Question 25

soya moratorium

Answer 25

soy industry not buy beans from amazon lands deforested since 2006

2010 less than 1% of beans were from land deforested after 2006

less land cleared for farming

use mutliple cropping to keep yield up
brazil largest soybean producer

Question 26

cattle moratorium

Answer 26

slaughterhouse agreed only by cattle from ranchers registered with brazilian rural environmental land registry

give GPS to monitor deforestation

happened slower than soy

Question 27

UN REDD

Answer 27

reduce emission

2007 deforestation was 17% greenhous gas emissions

£1bill as of 2024

norway biggest donor
$670 mill as compensation for reduction $5 per tonne co2