Carbon and Energy Flow Flashcards
What is Reduction?
The gaining of an electron; also known as the oxidizing agent.
What is Oxidation?
The loss of an electron; also known as the Reducing Agent.
How do cells prevent small explosive reactions?
Electron carriers help pass electrons through small amounts.
List the carrier molecules.
- NAD+
- FAD
- Cytochromes
What is Redox potential?
How well a molecule will give or receive an electron. Positive suggests it is better at gaining while a negative charge suggests it is poor. The further an electron falls down the ladder the more energy can be taken from the system.
What is Phosphotase?
The removal of a phosphate.
What is Kinase?
Phosphorylation; The addition of a phosphate to a molecule.
What is Isomerase?
When molecules are phosphorylated and become more reactive.
How does the Kreb’s Cycle work?
Acetyl-CoA attaches to oxaloacetate and goes through a series of Redox Reactions to become dehydrogenated. FADH2 is produced during succinate dehydrogenase.
What does the Kreb’s Cycle yield?
- 2ATP
- 6NADH
- 2FADH
- 4CO2
How does Lactic Acid Fermentation work?
- Glycolysis energy is produced
- 2 Pyruvates get converted to 2 Lactate
- NAD+ gets recycled theough 2NADH
What are the steps of Cellular Respiration?
- Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA through an enzyme complex.
- Coenzyme A is added on e CO2 is removed.
What is the yield of Cellular Respiration?
1 Glucose involved in Cellular Respiration yields 2CO2 and 2 Acetyl-CoA.
What is the yield of Glycolysis plus the Kreb’s Cycle?
4 ATP by SLP but can extract more energy by passing an electron down the electron transport chain.
Where is the Electron Transport Train located?
Located within the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane.
Functions of the Electron Transport Train?
- Electrons passed to oxygen.
- Electron transport coupled protons being pumped across membrane
- NADH drops electrons at the top of the ladder
- FADH drops midway so more energy is extracted
What is the Proton phenomenon in Inner Mitochondrial Membrane?
Protons pumped in the matrix to the inter-membrane space want to move back in but cannot because they are charged. A concentration gradient is created that the Protons want to move against. Integral membranes with a hydrophilic interior can bring them back and produce ATP through ADP.
What is Chemiosmosis?
ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane.
What makes up Oxidative Phosphorylation?
An Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis.
What makes up Chemiosmosis?
ATP synthesis + H+ flow.
What is Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?
ATP production via enzymatic reaction.
What is Decarboxylase?
The removal of a Carboxyl group.
What are the characteristics of Fermentation?
- Occurs on the absence of Oxygen
- Alcoholic occurs in yeast and some bacteria
- Lactic Acid occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
- End products are excreted by the cells
Describe how Glycolysis occurs.
Investment Phase -Glucose gets two ATP and is converted to two ADP. Payoff Phase -4ADP to 4ATP -2NAD+ to 2NADH -2 Pyruvate made
