Carbon and Energy Flow

Question 0

What is Reduction?

Answer 0

The gaining of an electron; also known as the oxidizing agent.

Question 1

What is Oxidation?

Answer 1

The loss of an electron; also known as the Reducing Agent.

Question 2

How do cells prevent small explosive reactions?

Answer 2

Electron carriers help pass electrons through small amounts.

Question 3

List the carrier molecules.

Answer 3

• NAD+
• FAD
• Cytochromes

Question 4

What is Redox potential?

Answer 4

How well a molecule will give or receive an electron. Positive suggests it is better at gaining while a negative charge suggests it is poor. The further an electron falls down the ladder the more energy can be taken from the system.

Question 5

What is Phosphotase?

Answer 5

The removal of a phosphate.

Question 6

What is Kinase?

Answer 6

Phosphorylation; The addition of a phosphate to a molecule.

Question 7

What is Isomerase?

Answer 7

When molecules are phosphorylated and become more reactive.

Question 8

How does the Kreb’s Cycle work?

Answer 8

Acetyl-CoA attaches to oxaloacetate and goes through a series of Redox Reactions to become dehydrogenated. FADH2 is produced during succinate dehydrogenase.

Question 9

What does the Kreb’s Cycle yield?

Answer 9

• 2ATP
• 6NADH
• 2FADH
• 4CO2

Question 10

How does Lactic Acid Fermentation work?

Answer 10

• Glycolysis energy is produced
• 2 Pyruvates get converted to 2 Lactate
• NAD+ gets recycled theough 2NADH

Question 11

What are the steps of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 11

• Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA through an enzyme complex.
• Coenzyme A is added on e CO2 is removed.

Question 12

What is the yield of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 12

1 Glucose involved in Cellular Respiration yields 2CO2 and 2 Acetyl-CoA.

Question 13

What is the yield of Glycolysis plus the Kreb’s Cycle?

Answer 13

4 ATP by SLP but can extract more energy by passing an electron down the electron transport chain.

Question 14

Where is the Electron Transport Train located?

Answer 14

Located within the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane.

Question 15

Functions of the Electron Transport Train?

Answer 15

• Electrons passed to oxygen.
• Electron transport coupled protons being pumped across membrane
• NADH drops electrons at the top of the ladder
• FADH drops midway so more energy is extracted

Question 16

What is the Proton phenomenon in Inner Mitochondrial Membrane?

Answer 16

Protons pumped in the matrix to the inter-membrane space want to move back in but cannot because they are charged. A concentration gradient is created that the Protons want to move against. Integral membranes with a hydrophilic interior can bring them back and produce ATP through ADP.

Question 17

What is Chemiosmosis?

Answer 17

ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane.

Question 18

What makes up Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 18

An Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis.

Question 19

What makes up Chemiosmosis?

Answer 19

ATP synthesis + H+ flow.

Question 20

What is Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?

Answer 20

ATP production via enzymatic reaction.

Question 21

What is Decarboxylase?

Answer 21

The removal of a Carboxyl group.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Fermentation?

Answer 22

• Occurs on the absence of Oxygen
• Alcoholic occurs in yeast and some bacteria
• Lactic Acid occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
• End products are excreted by the cells

Question 23

Describe how Glycolysis occurs.

Answer 23

Investment Phase
-Glucose gets two ATP and is converted to two ADP.
Payoff Phase
-4ADP to 4ATP
-2NAD+ to 2NADH
-2 Pyruvate made

Question 24

What is the versatility in Catabolism?

Answer 24

The ability of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats to all be utilized in cell cycles.

Question 25

ATP v.s AMP?

Answer 25

Inversely related.