Carbohydrates metabolism

Question 1

What do you know about glycolysis?

Answer 1

• breakdown of glucose to form Pyruvate.

Question 2

Where does the glycolysis take place in?

Answer 2

• cytoplasm

Question 3

What GLUT (?) will be found in liver and muscle?

Answer 3

Liver: GLUT 2

Muscle : GLUT 4

Question 4

GLUT (?) Is actually insulin dependent.

Answer 4

GLUT 4

Question 5

What are the irreversible pathways and enzymes involved in GLYCOLYSIS?

Answer 5

Hexokinase
Phosphofuctokinase 1
Pyruvate kinase

Question 6

Hexokinase/ Glucokinase is an important enzyme in glycolysis.
What are the inhibitors and stimulators for that enzyme .

Answer 6

Stimulators: insulin , glucose

Inhibitors:glucagon,glucose-6-p( hexokinase),fructose-6-p( glucokinase )

Question 7

Hmm what about P.K.F 1?

What are the regulators for (phosphofructokinase-1 )in glycolysis?

Answer 7

Stimulators: ADP, F-2,6 BP

Inhibitors: ATP , citrate

Question 8

Fill in the blanks for regulation of PYRUVATE KINASE.

Stimulators: insulin, ___________

Inhibitors: _______, ATP,LCFA-coA, _______.

Answer 8

Stimulators: F-1,6 BP

Inhibitors: glucagon, Acetyl Coa

Question 9

What enzyme will be used in conversion of Pyruvate to Lactic acid?
And in what condition this conversion will occurs?

Answer 9

Enzyme: L.D.H ( lactate dehydrogenase)

Condition : anaerobic

Question 10

What is the role of P.D.H?( Pyruvate dehydrogenase)

Answer 10

In aerobic condition , Pyruvates will be converted to acetyl coa .
By releasing CO2 and adding Coenzyme A.

Question 11

Result of Glycolysis.

Starting substrate:_______
End substrate:_______ , (how many for per molecule ______)
Gross (ATP ): ______, Used:______,Net:_______
Is there any production of NAD+? ( yes / no); if yes how many____?
Is there any conversion of NAD+ to NADH ? ( yes / no) ; if yes how many for per molecule?_______

Answer 11

Glucose
Pyruvate, 2
4,2,2
No,-or 0
Yes, 2

Question 12

What are the regulatory enzymes in TCA cycle AKA ( Krebs cycle)?

Answer 12

Citrate synthase
Isocitrate D.H
Alpha- ketoglutarate D.H

Question 13

What are results of TCA cycle?

Answer 13

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP ( S.P)

Question 14

Inhibitors for the regulations enzymes in TCA cycle?
Citrate synthase:

Isocitrate D.H:

Alpha- ketoglutarate D.H:

Answer 14

ATP,NADH,CITRATE,SUCCINYL COA

ATP

SUCCINYL COA, NADH

Question 15

During FED state , what are the metabolic processes will be stimulated?

Answer 15

Glycogenesis

FA acid synthesis

Question 16

What are the enzymes that involve in GLYCOGENESIS?

Answer 16

Hexokinase/ glucokinase
Phophoglucomutase
Glycogen synthase

Question 17

In what state GLYCOgenolysis will be stimulated?

Answer 17

Fasting

Low B.G( hypoglycaemia)

Question 18

Sumar S/O Kumar skipped his breakfast this morning as he is late for his 9-o’ clock lecture. His last meal was his dinner at 10 o’ clock last night. What is the most important metabolic process that helps maintain his blood glucose level throughout his 4 hours lecture ?

What are the important enzymes have involved in?

Hehex. Soalan panjang Sikit.

Answer 18

Glucogenolysis or gluconeogenesis

• Glycogen phosphorylase - Pyruvate carboxylase
• phosphoglucomutase. - PEPCK
• glucose-6-phosphatase. - Fructose-1,6 bpase
• debranching enzymes. - gluco-6-phophatase
  - glyceral kinase

Question 19

Gluco-6 phophatase enzyme can be only found in….?

Answer 19

Kidney
Liver
GIT

Question 20

What are the glycogen storage disease that you know?

State one and what causes it and what it can leads to ?

Answer 20

Refer to my notes . Hehex

Check it.

Question 21

Proteins can change to some other intermediates.

Alanine:
Glutamate:
Glutamine:
Aspartate:

Answer 21

Pyruvate or OAA
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
OAA

Question 22

What is the function of pentode phosphate pathway?

Answer 22

Providing NADPH, ribose 5-P

Question 23

What enzyme is needed to convert Glu 6-p to 6-phosphogluconate?

What will happen if that enzyme is not enough ?

Answer 23

G6PD

Undergo haemolytic anemia

Question 24

Deficiency of galactokinase will cause?

Answer 24

Galactosemia and galactosuria

Question 25

Essential fructosuria is a genetic disease.

It’s bcz of…?

Answer 25

Deficiency in fructokinase