Carbohydrates metabolism Flashcards
What do you know about glycolysis?
- breakdown of glucose to form Pyruvate.
Where does the glycolysis take place in?
- cytoplasm
What GLUT (?) will be found in liver and muscle?
Liver: GLUT 2
Muscle : GLUT 4
GLUT (?) Is actually insulin dependent.
GLUT 4
What are the irreversible pathways and enzymes involved in GLYCOLYSIS?
Hexokinase
Phosphofuctokinase 1
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase/ Glucokinase is an important enzyme in glycolysis.
What are the inhibitors and stimulators for that enzyme .
Stimulators: insulin , glucose
Inhibitors:glucagon,glucose-6-p( hexokinase),fructose-6-p( glucokinase )
Hmm what about P.K.F 1?
What are the regulators for (phosphofructokinase-1 )in glycolysis?
Stimulators: ADP, F-2,6 BP
Inhibitors: ATP , citrate
Fill in the blanks for regulation of PYRUVATE KINASE.
Stimulators: insulin, ___________
Inhibitors: _______, ATP,LCFA-coA, _______.
Stimulators: F-1,6 BP
Inhibitors: glucagon, Acetyl Coa
What enzyme will be used in conversion of Pyruvate to Lactic acid?
And in what condition this conversion will occurs?
Enzyme: L.D.H ( lactate dehydrogenase)
Condition : anaerobic
What is the role of P.D.H?( Pyruvate dehydrogenase)
In aerobic condition , Pyruvates will be converted to acetyl coa .
By releasing CO2 and adding Coenzyme A.
Result of Glycolysis.
Starting substrate:_______
End substrate:_______ , (how many for per molecule ______)
Gross (ATP ): ______, Used:______,Net:_______
Is there any production of NAD+? ( yes / no); if yes how many____?
Is there any conversion of NAD+ to NADH ? ( yes / no) ; if yes how many for per molecule?_______
Glucose Pyruvate, 2 4,2,2 No,-or 0 Yes, 2
What are the regulatory enzymes in TCA cycle AKA ( Krebs cycle)?
Citrate synthase
Isocitrate D.H
Alpha- ketoglutarate D.H
What are results of TCA cycle?
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP ( S.P)
Inhibitors for the regulations enzymes in TCA cycle?
Citrate synthase:
Isocitrate D.H:
Alpha- ketoglutarate D.H:
ATP,NADH,CITRATE,SUCCINYL COA
ATP
SUCCINYL COA, NADH
During FED state , what are the metabolic processes will be stimulated?
Glycogenesis
FA acid synthesis
What are the enzymes that involve in GLYCOGENESIS?
Hexokinase/ glucokinase
Phophoglucomutase
Glycogen synthase
In what state GLYCOgenolysis will be stimulated?
Fasting
Low B.G( hypoglycaemia)
Sumar S/O Kumar skipped his breakfast this morning as he is late for his 9-o’ clock lecture. His last meal was his dinner at 10 o’ clock last night. What is the most important metabolic process that helps maintain his blood glucose level throughout his 4 hours lecture ?
What are the important enzymes have involved in?
Hehex. Soalan panjang Sikit.
Glucogenolysis or gluconeogenesis
- Glycogen phosphorylase - Pyruvate carboxylase
- phosphoglucomutase. - PEPCK
- glucose-6-phosphatase. - Fructose-1,6 bpase
- debranching enzymes. - gluco-6-phophatase
- glyceral kinase
Gluco-6 phophatase enzyme can be only found in….?
Kidney
Liver
GIT
What are the glycogen storage disease that you know?
State one and what causes it and what it can leads to ?
Refer to my notes . Hehex
Check it.
Proteins can change to some other intermediates.
Alanine:
Glutamate:
Glutamine:
Aspartate:
Pyruvate or OAA
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
OAA
What is the function of pentode phosphate pathway?
Providing NADPH, ribose 5-P
What enzyme is needed to convert Glu 6-p to 6-phosphogluconate?
What will happen if that enzyme is not enough ?
G6PD
Undergo haemolytic anemia
Deficiency of galactokinase will cause?
Galactosemia and galactosuria
