CARBOHYDRATES Intro

Question 1

Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols

Answer 1

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Question 2

functional group of Carbohydrates

Answer 2

carboxyl group

Question 3

simplest structural unit

Answer 3

Saccharide (“sugar”)

Question 4

simplest; contains only 1 saccharide unit

Answer 4

MONOSACCHARIDES

Question 5

simplest carbohydrate

Answer 5

Glycoaldehyde

Question 6

RNA sugar

Answer 6

Ribose

Question 7

DNA sugar

Answer 7

Deoxyribose

Question 8

gum sugar

Answer 8

Arabinose

Question 9

Sugar alcohols

Answer 9

Xylose
Xylulose

Question 10

carbonyl group is found at one of the terminal sides of the hydrocarbon chain

Answer 10

Aldose

Question 11

carbonyl group is found in between 2 hydrocarbon groups

Answer 11

Ketose

Question 12

Contain the same number of atoms of the same element but differ in the structural arrangement and PROPERTIES

Answer 12

Isomers

Question 13

two sugars which differ only in the configuration around a single C atom

Answer 13

Epimers

Question 14

refers to the C atom in the structure of a sugar to which 4 different radicals are attached.

Answer 14

Asymmetric Carbon

Question 15

isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space

Answer 15

Stereoisomerism

Question 16

The ability to form two sugars which are mirror images of each other but non superimposable to each other

Answer 16

Enantiomers

Question 17

Two types of mutarotation

Answer 17

dextrorotatory
levorotatory

Question 18

grape sugar, blood sugar or plasma
sugar

Answer 18

GLUCOSE

Question 19

most abundant sugar in the blood stream

Answer 19

GLUCOSE

Question 20

Most common source of cellular fuel (ATP)

Answer 20

GLUCOSE

Question 21

Natural sugar mostly in the D form

Answer 21

Glucose

Question 22

The sugar from which most complex carbohydrates are made from

Answer 22

GLUCOSE

Question 23

brain sugar (in the form of glycolipids)

Answer 23

GALACTOSE

Question 24

It is Not a natural sugar (not obtained from plants or animals)

Answer 24

GALACTOSE

Question 25

Sugar that Has the fastest rate of absorption in the intestines

Answer 25

GALACTOSE

Question 26

Naturally-occuring aldohexose

Answer 26

MANNOSE

Question 27

Other name for FRUCTOSE

Answer 27

LEVULOSE

Question 28

It is the sweetest of all sugars

Answer 28

FRUCTOSE

Question 29

Fructose is a natural _______

Answer 29

ketohexose

Question 30

Fructose is found in?

Answer 30

Honey

Question 31

Serves as a source of energy for the sperm cells

Answer 31

Fructose

Question 32

SUCROSE also known as?

Answer 32

TABLE SUGAR

Question 33

source of artificial sweeteners

Answer 33

raffinose, invertose, invert sugar saccharide

Question 34

Sucrose =

Answer 34

1 glucose + 1 fructose

Question 35

It is a Natural, non-reducing disaccharide

Answer 35

SUCROSE

Question 36

Milk sugar

Answer 36

LACTOSE

Question 37

The Least sweet of the sugars

Answer 37

LACTOSE

Question 38

The only non-monosaccharide which may be absorbed into the genital systemic circulation

Answer 38

LACTOSE

Question 39

enzyme that breaks Lactose into 1 glucose and 1 galactose

Answer 39

Lactase

Question 40

present in the GIT at birth and decreases by the time the baby is 1.5 years old

Answer 40

Lactase

Question 41

Malt sugar (hops)

Answer 41

MALTOSE

Question 42

Is also a brewing sugar (helps in the fermentation of carbohydrate juices to form alcoholic drinks

Answer 42

MALTOSE

Question 43

enzyme that breaks Maltose into 2 glucose units

Answer 43

Maltase

Question 44

Consists of 2 glucose units connected via a β-1,4 glycosidic linkage

Answer 44

CELLOBIOSE

Question 45

Disaccharide unit in cellulose (fibrous CHO)

Answer 45

CELLOBIOSE

Question 46

Human GIT lacks what enzyme

Answer 46

cellulase enzyme

Question 47

carbohydrates with similar, repeating units

Answer 47

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES

Question 48

upon hydrolysis, yield only glucose units

Answer 48

Glucosans

Question 49

polymerized fructose units

Answer 49

Fructosans

Question 50

Examples of Glucosans

Answer 50

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 51

upon hydrolysis, yield sugar and sugar derivatives

Answer 51

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

Question 52

Examples of HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

Answer 52

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate

Question 53

These are two of the most common mucopolysaccharides in human connective tissues

Answer 53

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate

Question 54

For complex carbohydrates to be of value, these should undergo _______

Answer 54

digestion

Question 55

Examples of Dietary carbohydrates

Answer 55

• Starch • Sucrose (cane sugar or sugar beets) • Cellulose • Lactose (milk sugar) • Glycogen • Pentosan

Question 56

the most common dietary form of carbohydrate

Answer 56

Starch

Question 57

linear pattern of glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Answer 57

Amylose

Question 58

branched polymer; glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds with branching via α-1,6 linkage

Answer 58

Amylopectin

Question 59

First area where carbohydrates undergo digestion

Answer 59

MOUTH/BUCCAL CAVITY

Question 60

It Contains Ptyalin or Salivary Amylase

Answer 60

MOUTH/BUCCAL CAVITY

Question 61

A Saccharogenic amylase

Answer 61

Alpha-amylase

Question 62

Amylase that Breaks α-1,4 glycosidic linkage and is found in human GIT

Answer 62

Alpha-amylase

Question 63

A Dextrinogenic amylase

Answer 63

Beta-amylase

Question 64

Amylase that Breaks β-1,4 glycosidic linkage and Not found in human GIT

Answer 64

Beta-amylase

Question 65

Equivalent enzyme of Beta-amylase

Answer 65

CELLULASE

Question 66

Is found among ruminants or grass-grazing animals with large cecum (e.g. cows, carabaos, horses, goats)

Answer 66

CELLULASE

Question 67

Little digestion of polysaccharide here

Answer 67

STOMACH

Question 68

It has no carbohydrate-splitting enzyme

Answer 68

Gastric juice

Question 69

Salivary amylase is inactivated by

Answer 69

pepsin

Question 70

Fructosans are broken down by

Answer 70

HCl

Question 71

Digestion of polysaccharides & disaccharides is complete here

Answer 71

SMALL INTESTINES

Question 72

pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases hydrolyze CHO into

Answer 72

monosaccharides

Question 73

CHO absorbed in the ______ in the form of monosaccharides

Answer 73

jejunum

Question 74

A carrier transport is present in the brush border of the epithelial cell.

Answer 74

Active Transport

Question 75

The carrier in Active transport has a receptor site for both _____ and _____ .

Answer 75

glucose & sodium

Question 76

Pores of the mucosa through which diffusion occurs are impermeable to water soluble solutes with MW > than ___

Answer 76

100

Question 77

Simple Diffusion:______

Answer 77

pentose

Question 78

It involves a carrier protein or lipoprotein

Answer 78

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 79

In active transport, The energy is derived from the difference in _________ between the outside and the inside

Answer 79

sodium concentration

Question 80

Give the VEINS of the GIT

Answer 80

1. Superior mesenteric veins 2. Splenic veins 3. Inferior mesenteric veins

Question 81

PORTAL VEIN —>

Answer 81

Liver

Question 82

serves to capture the monosaccharides in the cells.

Answer 82

PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 83

Phosphorylation is promoted by enzymes called?

Answer 83

hexokinases