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AUA MED1 Foundations > Carbohydrates and Lipids Updated > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Updated Flashcards

1
Q

Sorbital

A

sugar alcohol found in patients with diabetes. Those patients can also have cataract. Sorbitol can also be deposited in the schlera of the eye. Sorbital -> carbohydrate -> diabetes-> Cataract.

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2
Q

Energy source (ATP production), storage (glycogen synthesis), glycosylation reactions and precursor for synthesis of other molecules

A

Glucose (monosaccharides)

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3
Q

Energy source, storage and fatty acid synthesis

A

Fructose (monosaccharides)

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4
Q

Protein glycosylation reactions

A

Mannose (monosaccharides)

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5
Q

Energy source after conversion to glucose, milk production during lactation, protein glycosylation in nerves

A

Galactose (monosaccharides)

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6
Q

Monosaccharides can be joined by ______ to form disaccharides as well as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

•Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

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7
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

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8
Q

Lactose

A

galactose +glucose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

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9
Q

Malotse

A

glucose + glucose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

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10
Q

polysaccharides of physiological importance

A

memorize chart, focus on Subunit and bonds

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11
Q

Compound that have the same chemical formula, but different

structures are

A

isomers

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12
Q

_____ are defined as carbohydrate isomers that differ in the configuration around only one carbon atom

A

Epimers

d-glucose and d-galactose are epimers at carbon 4. d-glucose and d-mannose are epimers at carbon 2.

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13
Q

Note the differences between glucose and galactose and ribose and deoxyribose

A
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14
Q

Glucose can form two enantiomeric forms: L-Glucose and D-Glucose. ________ is the predominant form in nature.

A

D-Glucose

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15
Q

Glucose in solution forms the

A

pyranose structure

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16
Q

Which polysaccharide is made of b-D-Glucose?

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

The enzymes that catalyze the reaction are defined as

A

glycosyltransferases

Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

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17
Q

The enzymes that catalyze the reaction are defined as

A

glycosyltransferases

Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

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18
Q

Carbohydrates can be attached by glycosidic bonds to non-carbohydrate molecules such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins through______; producing glycoproteins and glycolipids respectively

A

N- or O-glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

Liver glycogen is used for controlling blood sugar levels whereas muscle glycogen is used by the muscles for contraction

A
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20
Q

Most of the glycogen in the body is stored in the muscle ~ 400g in adults, compared to ~ 100g in liver

A single glycogen molecule can contain up to 55,000 glucosyl residues

A
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21
Q

Liver glycogen levels are affected by Fed/Fast conditions, while muscle glycogen levels are less sensitive to fasting and feeding cycles. Strenuous exercise can deplete muscle glycogen stores, which can be replenished by new synthesis

A
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22
Q

(affects roughly 70% of the adult population worldwide), can be congenital or adult onset

A

Lactose intolerance

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23
Q

inability to metabolize galactose, rare but severe genetic disorder

A

Galactosemia

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24
Q

includes both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis disorders

A

Disorders affecting glucose metabolism

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25
Q

•Glycogen storage diseases (GSD): impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)

A

•Glycogen storage diseases (GSD): impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)

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25
Q

impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)

A

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

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26
Q

Fructose malabsorption and Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Genetic disorders associated with defects in carbohydrate metabolism

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27
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

I – Von Gierke disease

A

Deficient Enzyme

Glucose-6-phosphatase

28
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

II – Pompe diseasea

A

Deficient Enzyme

Acid α-glucosidase
(acid maltase)

29
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

III – Cori diseasea

A

Deficient Enzyme

Glycogen debranching enzyme
(4:4 transferase)

30
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

IV – Andersen disease

A

Deficient Enzyme

Glycogen branching enzyme
(4:6 transferase)

31
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

V – McArdle diseasea

A

Deficient Enzyme

Muscle glycogen phosphorylase
(myophosphorylase)

32
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

VI – Hers disease

A

Deficient Enzyme

Liver glycogen phosphorylase

33
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

VII – Tarui disease

A

Deficient Enzyme

Muscle phosphofructokinase

34
Q

Concept map for fructose and galactose metabolism

GALT = galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

A

Fructose and Galactose metabolism

Fructose & Aldose B

Galactose & GALT

35
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex heteropolysaccharide chains associated with proteoglycans to form a gel-like matrix, which is a component of the _____ in tissues

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

36
Q

forms mucous secretions (mucopolysaccharides) and synovial fluids, contributing to their viscous and lubricating properties

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

37
Q

The flexible nature of ________ allows for force absorption in cartilage, synovial fluids and the vitreous humor of the eye

A

glycosaminoglycans

38
Q

The six major types of GAGs are divided according to monomeric composition, type of glycosidic linkages and location of sulfate units

A
39
Q

components of extracellular matrix

composed of proteins and Glycosaminoglycans

A

Proteoglycans

40
Q

Proteoglycan aggregate formation with ______ via non-covalent, ionic interactions

A

hyaluronic acid

41
Q

A cartilage proteoglycan monomer can contain 100 linear chains consisting of up to 200 disaccharide units

The main protein family that contributes to cartilage formation is ________

A

aggrecan

42
Q

joint cartilage is degraded and proteoglycans that normally help provide a cushion for the joints are lost

A

Osteoarthritis

43
Q

glucosamine and chondrotin have been reported to both relieve pain and stop progression of _______

A

osteoarthritis

44
Q

Deficiencies and imbalance of ______ is associated with a large variety of diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity

A

lipid metabolism

45
Q

Carbon atoms are organic molecules comprised primarily of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen molecules. They are chemically defined as

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes, or ketones.

(CH2O)n

Includes sugars, alcohols and polysaccharides

46
Q

Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of _____ that makes the molecule

A

carbons

47
Q

Carbohydrates are found in nature in various forms, including:

A

Monomers: monosaccharides

Dimers: disaccharides

OligysaccharidesPolymers: polysaccharides

48
Q

Glucose metabolite linked to diabetic complications and retinopathy

A

sorbitol

49
Q

Note that Milk products are the best source for _____

A

Galactose

50
Q

Monosaccharide’s with 5 or more carbons form cyclic structures when in

A

solution

51
Q

Phospholipids

→phosphatidyl choline → surfectant → alveoli lungs

A

1.Phospholipids: Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases (e.g., choline). In many phospholipids the alcohol is glycerol (glycerophospholipids), but in sphingophospholipids it is sphingosine, which contains an amino group.

52
Q

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate.

A

glucocerebrosides → brain

53
Q

Other complex lipids: Lipids such as sulfo-lipids and amino-lipids. Lipoproteins may also be placed in this category.

A
54
Q

Precursor and derived lipids: These include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins and micronutrients, and hormones.

A
55
Q

_______ is one of the major phosphoacylglycerols found in membranes and serfectant

A

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

56
Q

If only a phosphate group is attached to carbon 3, the compound is _______Phosphatidic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of the other phosphoacylglycerols.

A

phosphatidic acid

57
Q

Ether glycerophospholipids: Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

A

•Has a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue, rather than a tatty acid, at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone•Activates inflammatory cells to mediate a wide range of inflammatory reactions including, thrombosis, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis.•Induces platelet aggregation and activation of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

58
Q

Phospholipids

A

When phospholipids are dispersed in aqueous solution, they spontaneously form lamellar structures, and under suitable conditions, they organize into bilayer vesicular structures termed liposomes.

59
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Tay-sacs disease

A

Enzyme

Hexosaminidase A

60
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Farbry disease

A

Enzyme

a- Galactosidase

61
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

A

Emzyme

Arylsulfatase-A

62
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Krabbe disease

A

Enzyme

B-Galatosidase

63
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Gaucher disease

A

B-Glucosidase

64
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Niemann Pick disease

A

Enzyme

Sphingomeylinase

65
Q

Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)

Farber disease

A

Enzyme

Ceramidase

66
Q

Sphingomyelin, which contains a phosphorylcholine group attached to ceramide, is a component of cell membranes and the myelin sheath around neurons.

A

electrical insulator in myelin sheath

67
Q

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Function: Storage form of lipids (for energy)

68
Q

Phosphatidylinositol

A

Glycerol fatty acids, inositol and phosphate. Function: Role in cell signaling

AUA MED1 Foundations (26 decks)

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