Carbohydrates and Lipids Updated

Question 1

Sorbital

Answer 1

sugar alcohol found in patients with diabetes. Those patients can also have cataract. Sorbitol can also be deposited in the schlera of the eye. Sorbital -> carbohydrate -> diabetes-> Cataract.

Question 2

Energy source (ATP production), storage (glycogen synthesis), glycosylation reactions and precursor for synthesis of other molecules

Answer 2

Glucose (monosaccharides)

Question 3

Energy source, storage and fatty acid synthesis

Answer 3

Fructose (monosaccharides)

Question 4

Protein glycosylation reactions

Answer 4

Mannose (monosaccharides)

Question 5

Energy source after conversion to glucose, milk production during lactation, protein glycosylation in nerves

Answer 5

Galactose (monosaccharides)

Question 6

Monosaccharides can be joined by ______ to form disaccharides as well as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 6

glycosidic bonds

•Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

Question 7

Sucrose

Answer 7

Glucose + fructose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

galactose +glucose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

Question 9

Malotse

Answer 9

glucose + glucose (disaccharides of physiological importance)

Question 10

polysaccharides of physiological importance

Answer 10

memorize chart, focus on Subunit and bonds

Question 11

Compound that have the same chemical formula, but different

structures are

Answer 11

isomers

Question 12

_____ are defined as carbohydrate isomers that differ in the configuration around only one carbon atom

Answer 12

Epimers

d-glucose and d-galactose are epimers at carbon 4. d-glucose and d-mannose are epimers at carbon 2.

Question 13

Note the differences between glucose and galactose and ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 13

Question 14

Glucose can form two enantiomeric forms: L-Glucose and D-Glucose. ________ is the predominant form in nature.

Answer 14

D-Glucose

Question 15

Glucose in solution forms the

Answer 15

pyranose structure

Question 16

Which polysaccharide is made of b-D-Glucose?

Answer 16

Cellulose

Question 17

The enzymes that catalyze the reaction are defined as

Answer 17

glycosyltransferases

Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

Question 17

The enzymes that catalyze the reaction are defined as

Answer 17

glycosyltransferases

Note the numbering, e.g., 1-4, indicating the carbon #s

Question 18

Carbohydrates can be attached by glycosidic bonds to non-carbohydrate molecules such as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins through______; producing glycoproteins and glycolipids respectively

Answer 18

N- or O-glycosidic bonds

Question 19

Liver glycogen is used for controlling blood sugar levels whereas muscle glycogen is used by the muscles for contraction

Answer 19

Question 20

Most of the glycogen in the body is stored in the muscle ~ 400g in adults, compared to ~ 100g in liver

A single glycogen molecule can contain up to 55,000 glucosyl residues

Answer 20

Question 21

Liver glycogen levels are affected by Fed/Fast conditions, while muscle glycogen levels are less sensitive to fasting and feeding cycles. Strenuous exercise can deplete muscle glycogen stores, which can be replenished by new synthesis

Answer 21

Question 22

(affects roughly 70% of the adult population worldwide), can be congenital or adult onset

Answer 22

Lactose intolerance

Question 23

inability to metabolize galactose, rare but severe genetic disorder

Answer 23

Galactosemia

Question 24

**includes both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis disorders**

Answer 24

**Disorders affecting glucose metabolism**

Question 25

•**Glycogen storage diseases (GSD):** **impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)**

Answer 25

•**Glycogen storage diseases (GSD):** **impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)**

Question 25

**impair glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation or glycolysis (more then 15 different disorders)**

Answer 25

**Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)**

Question 26

**Fructose malabsorption and Hereditary fructose intolerance**

Answer 26

Genetic disorders associated with defects in carbohydrate metabolism

Question 27

**Glycogen Storage Disease** I – Von Gierke disease

Answer 27

**Deficient Enzyme** Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 28

**Glycogen Storage Disease** II – Pompe disease[*^a*](https://meded.lwwhealthlibrary.com/content.aspx?sectionid=250323292&bookid=3073)

Answer 28

**Deficient Enzyme** Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)

Question 29

**Glycogen Storage Disease** III – Cori disease[*^a*](https://meded.lwwhealthlibrary.com/content.aspx?sectionid=250323292&bookid=3073)

Answer 29

**Deficient Enzyme** Glycogen debranching enzyme (4:4 transferase)

Question 30

**Glycogen Storage Disease** IV – Andersen disease

Answer 30

**Deficient Enzyme** Glycogen branching enzyme (4:6 transferase)

Question 31

**Glycogen Storage Disease** V – McArdle disease[*^a*](https://meded.lwwhealthlibrary.com/content.aspx?sectionid=250323292&bookid=3073)

Answer 31

**Deficient Enzyme** Muscle glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase)

Question 32

**Glycogen Storage Disease** VI – Hers disease

Answer 32

**Deficient Enzyme** Liver glycogen phosphorylase

Question 33

**Glycogen Storage Disease** VII – Tarui disease

Answer 33

**Deficient Enzyme** Muscle phosphofructokinase

Question 34

**Concept map for fructose and galactose metabolism** GALT = galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Answer 34

Fructose and Galactose metabolism ## Footnote **Fructose & Aldose B** **Galactose & GALT**

Question 35

**Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex** **heteropolysaccharide** **chains associated with _proteoglycans_ to form a gel-like matrix, which is a component of the _____ in tissues**

Answer 35

**extracellular matrix (ECM)**

Question 36

**forms mucous secretions (mucopolysaccharides) and synovial fluids, contributing to their viscous and lubricating properties**

Answer 36

**Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)**

Question 37

**The flexible nature of ________ allows for force absorption in cartilage, synovial fluids and the vitreous humor of the eye**

Answer 37

**glycosaminoglycans**

Question 38

**The six major types of GAGs are divided according to monomeric composition, type of glycosidic linkages and location of sulfate units**

Answer 38

Question 39

**components of extracellular matrix** **composed of proteins and Glycosaminoglycans**

Answer 39

**Proteoglycans**

Question 40

Proteoglycan aggregate formation with ______ via non-covalent, ionic interactions

Answer 40

hyaluronic acid

Question 41

A **cartilage** proteoglycan monomer can contain 100 linear chains consisting of up to 200 disaccharide units The main protein family that contributes to cartilage formation is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

**aggrecan**

Question 42

joint cartilage is degraded and proteoglycans that normally help provide a cushion for the joints are lost

Answer 42

Osteoarthritis

Question 43

glucosamine and chondrotin have been reported to both relieve pain and stop progression of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

osteoarthritis

Question 44

**Deficiencies and imbalance of ______ is associated with a large variety of diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity**

Answer 44

**lipid metabolism**

Question 45

Carbon atoms are organic molecules comprised primarily of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen molecules. They are chemically defined as

Answer 45

**polyhydroxy aldehydes, or ketones.** (CH₂O)_n **Includes sugars, alcohols and polysaccharides**

Question 46

**Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of _____ that makes the molecule**

Answer 46

carbons

Question 47

**Carbohydrates are found in nature in various forms, including:**

Answer 47

Monomers: monosaccharides Dimers: disaccharides OligysaccharidesPolymers: polysaccharides

Question 48

Glucose metabolite linked to diabetic complications and retinopathy

Answer 48

sorbitol

Question 49

Note that Milk products are the best source for \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

Galactose

Question 50

Monosaccharide's with 5 or more carbons form cyclic structures when in

Answer 50

solution

Question 51

Phospholipids **→phosphatidyl choline → surfectant → alveoli lungs**

Answer 51

1.Phospholipids: Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases (e.g., choline). In many phospholipids the alcohol is glycerol (glycerophospholipids), but in sphingophospholipids it is sphingosine, which contains an amino group.

Question 52

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate.

Answer 52

glucocerebrosides → brain

Question 53

Other complex lipids: Lipids such as sulfo-lipids and amino-lipids. Lipoproteins may also be placed in this category.

Answer 53

Question 54

Precursor and derived lipids: These include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other alcohols, fatty aldehydes, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins and micronutrients, and hormones.

Answer 54

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is one of the major phosphoacylglycerols found in membranes and serfectant

Answer 55

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

Question 56

If only a phosphate group is attached to carbon 3, the compound is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Phosphatidic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of the other phosphoacylglycerols.

Answer 56

phosphatidic acid

Question 57

Ether glycerophospholipids: Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

Answer 57

•Has a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue, rather than a tatty acid, at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone•Activates inflammatory cells to mediate a wide range of inflammatory reactions including, thrombosis, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis.•Induces platelet aggregation and activation of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

Question 58

**Phospholipids**

Answer 58

When phospholipids are dispersed in aqueous solution, they spontaneously form lamellar structures, and under suitable conditions, they organize into bilayer vesicular structures termed liposomes.

Question 59

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Tay-sacs disease**

Answer 59

**Enzyme** Hexosaminidase A

Question 60

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Farbry disease**

Answer 60

**Enzyme** a- Galactosidase

Question 61

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Metachromatic Leukodystrophy**

Answer 61

**Emzyme** Arylsulfatase-A

Question 62

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Krabbe disease**

Answer 62

**Enzyme** B-Galatosidase

Question 63

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Gaucher disease**

Answer 63

B-Glucosidase

Question 64

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Niemann Pick disease**

Answer 64

**Enzyme** Sphingomeylinase

Question 65

**Diseases associated with deficient sphingolipid metabolism (Sphingolipidosis)** **Farber disease**

Answer 65

**Enzyme** Ceramidase

Question 66

Sphingomyelin, which contains a phosphorylcholine group attached to ceramide, is a component of cell membranes and the myelin sheath around neurons.

Answer 66

electrical insulator in myelin sheath

Question 67

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

Answer 67

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Function: Storage form of lipids (for energy)

Question 68

Phosphatidylinositol

Answer 68

Glycerol fatty acids, inositol and phosphate. Function: Role in cell signaling