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AUA MED1 Foundations > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

The 3 planes

Divides the body into front and back

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2
Q

Sagittal

A

The 3 planes

divides the body vertically into right and left

A big bell sags along the sagittal plane

The sagittal plane that’s exactly in the midline is called the midsagittal or median plane

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3
Q

Transverse (axial)

A

divides the body horizontally into up and down

Think about how you ax a tree

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4
Q

anterior vs. posterior

A

at the front (anterior) vs at the back (posterior)

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5
Q

Superior vs. Inferior

A

above (superior) vs. below (inferior)

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6
Q

Superficial vs. deep

A

Directional Term

closer to surface ( superficial vs. deeper into body (deep)

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7
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

Directional Term

closer to trunk (proximal) vs. further out from it (distal)

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8
Q

medial vs. lateral

A

Directional Term

closer to midline (medial) vs. further (lateral)

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9
Q

cranial vs. caudal

A

towards cranium ie top of the head (cranial) vs. towards feet (caudal)

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10
Q

Ventral vs. dorsal

A

front (ventral) vs. back (dorsal) of an embryo before limb rotation Think of the dorsal fin of a fish

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11
Q

Spine position

A

laying on back

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12
Q

Prone position

A

laying on stomach

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13
Q

Lithotomy position

A

lying on back

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14
Q

Flexion

A

bending or decreasing the angle between bones

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15
Q

Extension

A

straightening or increasing the angle between bones

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16
Q

Opposition

A

1 st digit is brought closer to another digit

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17
Q

Reposition

A

– back to position

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18
Q

Pronation vs Supination

A

rotating the forearm so the palm faces down (pronation) vs up (supination) Think: holding a bowl of soup

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19
Q

Abduction vs adduction

A

pulling a body part away from the midline (abduction) vs. towards it (adduction) adduction is adding the part to you

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20
Q

Internal (medial) vs. external (lateral) rotation

A

rotation towards (internal)vs. away from (external body’s center

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21
Q

elevation vs. depression

A

movement in the superior (elevation) vs. inferior (depression) direction

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22
Q

dorsiflexion vs. plantarflexion

A

flexing the foot up (dorsiflexion) vs. extending it down (plantarflexion) Think planting your foot down

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23
Q

inversion vs. eversion

A

turning the sole of he foot towards midline (inversion) vs. away from it (eversion)

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24
Q

Protrusion

A

Protrusion – moving anteriorly

25
Retrusion
Retrusion – moving posteriorly
26
✓Epidermis
✓Epidermis: Stratified epithelium with keratin on top. Renewed every 25- 45 days. Avascular layer.
27
✓Dermis.
✓Dermis: made up of collagen & elastic fibers. Gives strength & toughness to the skin. Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscle & sebaceous glands.
28
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue): • Composed of loose connective tissue + fat • Location: Between dermis & deep fascia
29
Deep fascia
Reduces friction with movement • Devoid of fat ▪ Protects the muscles blood vessels and nerves from getting sheared with movement ▪ separates muscles into compartments
30
Intermuscular septum
Extend deep from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones.
31
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart • 3 types – elastic, muscular, arterioles
32
Veins
Veins • Return low-oxygenated blood towards heart • Valves –unidirectional flow
33
Capillaries
Capillaries • Minute vessels form network btw arterioles and venules • Sinusoids
34
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis/ hardening of arteries: thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial wall.
35
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (build up of fat in arterial walls)- form of arteriosclerosis
36
Lymph-
Lymph- Clear & watery fluid. Similar in composition to blood plasma.
37
Functions of lymphoid system:
Functions of lymphoid system: • Drains surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins(LYMPH) • Removal of cellular debris and infection • Absorption and transport of dietary fat • Defense mechanism
38
The lymphoid system consists of the following structures:
The lymphoid system consists of the following structures: ✓ Lymphatic plexuses ✓Lymphatic vessels (exceptions teeth, bone, bone marrow, and the entire central nervoussystem ✓ Lymph nodes ✓ Lymphocytes ✓Lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus, lymph node
39
• Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis: Secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
• Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis: Secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
40
Lymphedema
Lymphedema (the accumulation of interstitial fluid) occurs when lymph is not drained from an area of the body.
41
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.
42
**Fibrous joint** Sutures
Sutures (found in skull) 1. Immovable 2. Types: Plane, Squamous, serrate etc.
43
_Fibrous joint_ Syndesmosis
Syndesmosis 1. Bones are united by sheet of fibrous tissue 2. Movement is possible. Eg; Middle radio ulnar joint , middle & Inferior tibiofibular joint
44
**Fibrous joints** Gomphosis
Gomphosis 1. Peg-like fibrous process 2. Fits into a socket
45
Synovial joints
Two or more bones approximate, held together by capsule, strengthened by ligaments and lubricated by synovial fluid • Highly mobile
46
Bursae
Closed sac of serous membrane • Normally collapse, wall oppose with thin film of lubricating fluid • Enables free movements • Synovial tendon sheaths – elongated bursae that wrap around tendon
47
Secondary cartilage joints
Closed sac of serous membrane • Normally collapse, wall oppose with thin film of lubricating fluid • Enables free movements • Synovial tendon sheaths – elongated bursae that wrap around tendon
48
Articular cartilage
Avascular and is reliant upon the passive diffusion of nutrients from the synovial fluid. • Prevents friction between the bones • Few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure located between the articulating bones. • E.g. Articular disc, present in the temporomandibular joint or meniscus, present in the knee joint (Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus)
49
Plane synovial joints
Permit gliding / sliding • Surfaces are flat • E.g., intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, acromioclavicular joint
50
Hinge joint
Hinge joint • One articular surface is convex, and the other surface is curved • Strong collateral ligaments • Movements in one axis • E.g., elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint
51
Pivot joint
Pivot joint • Central bony pivot (peg) surrounded by an osseoligamentous ring • Movements in one axis • e.g., Superior radio-ulnar joint, Atlanto-axial joint.
52
Condyloid joints
Condyloid joints • Convex surface articulating against concave surface • Movement across two axes • E.g., Metacarpophalangeal joint
53
Saddle joint
Saddle joint • Surfaces are concavo-convex • Movement around two axes • E.g., First carpometacarpal joint
54
Ball & Socket joint
Ball & Socket joint • Surfaces are globular head & cupshaped socket • Movement around infinite number of axes • E.g., Shoulder joint, Hip joint
55
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis • Non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease • Degeneration of the articular cartilage and osseous outgrowth at the margins • Commonly affects the hands, fingers, hips, knees, feet, and spine • Accompanied by pain and stiffness.
56
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis • Inflammatory disease • Autoimmune disease • Immune system attacks the synovial membranes and articular structures, leading to deformities and disability. • Most common symptoms are joint swelling, stiffness, and pain.
57
Subluxation
Subluxation • Incomplete or partial separation • Contact between articular surfaces retained
58
Avulsion
Avulsion • Forced separation • One part is torn away from its attachment • Tibial tuberosity

AUA MED1 Foundations (26 decks)

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