Anatomy Flashcards
Frontal (coronal) plane
The 3 planes
Divides the body into front and back
Sagittal
The 3 planes
divides the body vertically into right and left
A big bell sags along the sagittal plane
The sagittal plane that’s exactly in the midline is called the midsagittal or median plane
Transverse (axial)
divides the body horizontally into up and down
Think about how you ax a tree
anterior vs. posterior
at the front (anterior) vs at the back (posterior)
Superior vs. Inferior
above (superior) vs. below (inferior)
Superficial vs. deep
Directional Term
closer to surface ( superficial vs. deeper into body (deep)
Proximal vs distal
Directional Term
closer to trunk (proximal) vs. further out from it (distal)
medial vs. lateral
Directional Term
closer to midline (medial) vs. further (lateral)
cranial vs. caudal
towards cranium ie top of the head (cranial) vs. towards feet (caudal)
Ventral vs. dorsal
front (ventral) vs. back (dorsal) of an embryo before limb rotation Think of the dorsal fin of a fish
Spine position
laying on back
Prone position
laying on stomach
Lithotomy position
lying on back
Flexion
bending or decreasing the angle between bones
Extension
straightening or increasing the angle between bones
Opposition
1 st digit is brought closer to another digit
Reposition
– back to position
Pronation vs Supination
rotating the forearm so the palm faces down (pronation) vs up (supination) Think: holding a bowl of soup
Abduction vs adduction
pulling a body part away from the midline (abduction) vs. towards it (adduction) adduction is adding the part to you
Internal (medial) vs. external (lateral) rotation
rotation towards (internal)vs. away from (external body’s center
elevation vs. depression
movement in the superior (elevation) vs. inferior (depression) direction
dorsiflexion vs. plantarflexion
flexing the foot up (dorsiflexion) vs. extending it down (plantarflexion) Think planting your foot down
inversion vs. eversion
turning the sole of he foot towards midline (inversion) vs. away from it (eversion)
Protrusion
Protrusion – moving anteriorly
Retrusion
Retrusion – moving posteriorly
✓Epidermis
✓Epidermis: Stratified epithelium with keratin on top. Renewed every 25- 45 days. Avascular layer.
✓Dermis.
✓Dermis: made up of collagen & elastic fibers. Gives strength & toughness to the skin. Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscle & sebaceous glands.
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue): • Composed of loose connective tissue + fat • Location: Between dermis & deep fascia
Deep fascia
Reduces friction with movement
• Devoid of fat
▪ Protects the muscles blood vessels and nerves from getting sheared with movement
▪ separates muscles into compartments
Intermuscular septum
Extend deep from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones.
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart • 3 types – elastic, muscular, arterioles
Veins
Veins • Return low-oxygenated blood towards heart • Valves –unidirectional flow
Capillaries
Capillaries • Minute vessels form network btw arterioles and venules • Sinusoids
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis/ hardening of arteries: thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial wall.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (build up of fat in arterial walls)- form of arteriosclerosis
Lymph-
Lymph- Clear & watery fluid. Similar in composition to blood plasma.
Functions of lymphoid system:
Functions of lymphoid system: • Drains surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins(LYMPH) • Removal of cellular debris and infection • Absorption and transport of dietary fat • Defense mechanism
The lymphoid system consists of the following structures:
The lymphoid system consists of the following structures: ✓ Lymphatic plexuses ✓Lymphatic vessels (exceptions teeth, bone, bone marrow, and the entire central nervoussystem ✓ Lymph nodes ✓ Lymphocytes ✓Lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus, lymph node
• Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis: Secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
• Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis: Secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
Lymphedema
Lymphedema (the accumulation of interstitial fluid) occurs when lymph is not drained from an area of the body.
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.
Fibrous joint
Sutures
Sutures (found in skull) 1. Immovable 2. Types: Plane, Squamous, serrate etc.
Fibrous joint
Syndesmosis
Syndesmosis 1. Bones are united by sheet of fibrous tissue 2. Movement is possible. Eg; Middle radio ulnar joint , middle & Inferior tibiofibular joint
Fibrous joints
Gomphosis
Gomphosis 1. Peg-like fibrous process 2. Fits into a socket
Synovial joints
Two or more bones approximate, held together by capsule, strengthened by ligaments and lubricated by synovial fluid • Highly mobile
Bursae
Closed sac of serous membrane • Normally collapse, wall oppose with thin film of lubricating fluid • Enables free movements • Synovial tendon sheaths – elongated bursae that wrap around tendon
Secondary cartilage joints
Closed sac of serous membrane • Normally collapse, wall oppose with thin film of lubricating fluid • Enables free movements • Synovial tendon sheaths – elongated bursae that wrap around tendon
Articular cartilage
Avascular and is reliant upon the passive diffusion of nutrients from the synovial fluid. • Prevents friction between the bones • Few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure located between the articulating bones. • E.g. Articular disc, present in the temporomandibular joint or meniscus, present in the knee joint (Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus)
Plane synovial joints
Permit gliding / sliding • Surfaces are flat • E.g., intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, acromioclavicular joint
Hinge joint
Hinge joint • One articular surface is convex, and the other surface is curved • Strong collateral ligaments • Movements in one axis • E.g., elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint
Pivot joint
Pivot joint • Central bony pivot (peg) surrounded by an osseoligamentous ring • Movements in one axis • e.g., Superior radio-ulnar joint, Atlanto-axial joint.
Condyloid joints
Condyloid joints • Convex surface articulating against concave surface • Movement across two axes • E.g., Metacarpophalangeal joint
Saddle joint
Saddle joint • Surfaces are concavo-convex • Movement around two axes • E.g., First carpometacarpal joint
Ball & Socket joint
Ball & Socket joint • Surfaces are globular head & cupshaped socket • Movement around infinite number of axes • E.g., Shoulder joint, Hip joint
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis • Non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease • Degeneration of the articular cartilage and osseous outgrowth at the margins • Commonly affects the hands, fingers, hips, knees, feet, and spine • Accompanied by pain and stiffness.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis • Inflammatory disease • Autoimmune disease • Immune system attacks the synovial membranes and articular structures, leading to deformities and disability. • Most common symptoms are joint swelling, stiffness, and pain.
Subluxation
Subluxation • Incomplete or partial separation • Contact between articular surfaces retained
Avulsion
Avulsion • Forced separation • One part is torn away from its attachment • Tibial tuberosity
