Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides can be classified according to what?

A

Their number of carbon atoms

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2
Q

What are 2 important trioses?

A

Glyceraldehyde + dihydroxyacetone

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3
Q

What are 2 important pentoses?

A

Ribose + deoxyribose

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4
Q

What are 3 important hexoses?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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5
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Chemical structures which contain the same atoms but are bonded together to form different 3D arrangements

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6
Q

What is monosaccharide cyclisation?

A

Longer-chain monosaccharides (such as pentoses and hexoses) form cyclic molecules

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7
Q

How are disaccharides formed and what are some important examples?

A

When two monosaccharides join together and eliminate water to form a glycosidic bond.

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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8
Q

What are starches?

A

Polymers of glucose which serve as storage carbohydrates in plants

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9
Q

Describe amylose in terms of its percentage make up of starch, types of glucose chains, and types of bonds.

A

25%

Linear glucose chains

a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

Describe amylopectin in terms of its percentage make up of starch, types of glucose chains, and types of bonds.

A

75%

Branched glucose chains

a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What is cellulose and why is it important in human digestion?

A

A linear polymer of glucose. Cellulose is not digestible by humans and forms dietary fibre.

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12
Q

What is glycogen, and why is its structure advantageous to its function?

A

An extensively branched polymer of glucose obtained from animal sources. Its high level of branching means it has a large number of free ends, facilitating its rapid breakdown into glucose.

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13
Q

What is dextrin?

A

A branched oligomer of glucose that comes from the breakdown product of starch and glycogen

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14
Q

What are the 4 main types of biologically important lipids?

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Cholesterol esters

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15
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acids.

A

Hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other

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16
Q

What can fatty acids join with to form triglycerides?

A

Glycerol

17
Q

Fatty acids are classified using a system that includes what 3 pieces of information?

A

Number of carbon atoms
Number of double bonds
Position of the first double bond

18
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

A phosphate group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine

19
Q

Where are ketone bodies produced and when, and why are they important?

A

They are formed by the liver during fasting, when they become important energy substrates for the brain

20
Q

Name the 3 main ketone bodies.

A

Acetone

Acetoacetic acid

B-hydroxybutyric acid

21
Q

List the 5 main functions of lipids in the body.

A

Fuels for cells

Energy storage

Transport between tissues

Structural components of cell membranes

Chemical messengers

22
Q

How are lipids transported in the bloodstream?

A

As lipoproteins

23
Q

Describe the structure of lipoproteins.

A

Hydrophobic core consisting of triglycerides and cholesterol esters

Hydrophilic surface consisting of apolipoproteins, free cholesterol, and phospholipids

24
Q

Which enzyme releases fatty acids from chylomicrons and VLDLs into tissues?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

25
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

Deliver dietary (exogenous) TAG to peripheral tissues

26
Q

What is the function of VLDLs?

A

Deliver endogenous TAG to peripheral tissues

27
Q

What is the function of LDLs?

A

Deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues and liver

28
Q

What is the function of HDLs?

A

Deliver cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver for elimination

29
Q

Describe chylomicrons in terms of their TAG and cholesterol content.

A

Highest TAG and lowest cholesterol

30
Q

Describe VLDLs in terms of their TAG and cholesterol content.

A

High TAG and low cholesterol

31
Q

Describe LDLs in terms of their TAG and cholesterol content.

A

Low TAG and highest cholesterol

32
Q

Describe HDLs in terms of their TAG and cholesterol content.

A

Lowest TAG and high cholesterol