carbohydrates and energy production questions

Question 1

What three elements do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 1

CHO

Question 2

List two functions of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Storage
structural
cell recognition
metabolism

Question 3

Monosaccharides are defined as polyhydroxy carbonyl compounds. What are the two sorts of carbonyl group?

Answer 3

ketone

aldehyde

Question 4

How many carbon atoms are there in glucose?

Answer 4

6

Question 5

Is glucose an aldose or a ketose?

Answer 5

aldose

Question 6

What is an epimer?

Answer 6

Different compounds (structures) with the same molecular formula

differ by configuration at only one carbon

Important because biological systems can differentiate between them

Question 7

What is a chiral carbon atom?

Answer 7

• a C atom with four different groups bonded to it

Question 8

In a-glucose is the –OH group on C1 above or below the ring?

Answer 8

below

Question 9

What is the name of the bond that joins two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?

Answer 9

glycosidic bond

Question 10

What two monosaccharides make up lactose ?

Answer 10

glucose

galactose

Question 11

In maltose are the two glucose units joined by an a1-4 or a b1-4 bond?

Answer 11

a-(1-4)

Question 12

What is a reducing sugar?

Answer 12

the monosaccharide with the free anomeric C can reform a straight chain =>

carbonyl (-C=O) group can be oxidised (-COOH).

If the sugar is oxidised it acts as a reducing agent.

Question 13

Name a common non-reducing disaccharide

Answer 13

sucrose

Question 14

State two properties that are important for storage polysaccharides

Answer 14

a-links are readily degraded by enzymes produced by wide range of organisms

Highly branched molecules permit rapid release of monosaccharide

Question 15

What are the names of the two molecules that make up starch?

Answer 15

amylose and amylopectin

Question 16

What type of glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen?

Answer 16

a1-6 branches every 10-12 glucose units

Question 17

What type of glycosidic bonds are present in cellulose?

Answer 17

Chains of b-(1-4) linked glucose

Question 18

What do alternate glucose units do in order to form a straight chain of cellulose?

Answer 18

.

Question 19

What is the name of the polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons?

Answer 19

chitin

Question 20

What is the name of the polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls whose formation is inhibited by penicillin?

Answer 20

peptidoglycan (murein)

Question 21

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 21

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 22

Approximately how much energy is released when the terminal phosphate of ATP is removed by hydrolysis?

Answer 22

31Kj

Question 23

Name 2 mechanisms by which ATP can be produced in cells

Answer 23

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

Name 2 hydrogen carriers found in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Answer 24

CoQ/CoQH2 (Coenzyme Q)

FAD/FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

FMN/FMNH2 (Flavin mononucleotide)

NAD+/NADH+H+

Question 25

What is the final acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Answer 25

-

Question 26

How many protein/carrier complexes are there in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 26

-

Question 27

How many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of NADH+H+ oxidised through the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

The chemiosmotic process depends on what being pumped across an impermeable membrane?

Answer 28

A membrane impermeable to H+ and other inorganic ions

Transfer of H+ across the membrane

Question 29

What is the name of the enzyme that is referred to as an elementary particle?

Answer 29

-