carbohydrates and energy production questions Flashcards
What three elements do carbohydrates contain?
CHO
List two functions of carbohydrates
Storage
structural
cell recognition
metabolism
Monosaccharides are defined as polyhydroxy carbonyl compounds. What are the two sorts of carbonyl group?
ketone
aldehyde
How many carbon atoms are there in glucose?
6
Is glucose an aldose or a ketose?
aldose
What is an epimer?
Different compounds (structures) with the same molecular formula
differ by configuration at only one carbon
Important because biological systems can differentiate between them
What is a chiral carbon atom?
- a C atom with four different groups bonded to it
In a-glucose is the –OH group on C1 above or below the ring?
below
What is the name of the bond that joins two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?
glycosidic bond
What two monosaccharides make up lactose ?
glucose
galactose
In maltose are the two glucose units joined by an a1-4 or a b1-4 bond?
a-(1-4)
What is a reducing sugar?
the monosaccharide with the free anomeric C can reform a straight chain =>
carbonyl (-C=O) group can be oxidised (-COOH).
If the sugar is oxidised it acts as a reducing agent.
Name a common non-reducing disaccharide
sucrose
State two properties that are important for storage polysaccharides
a-links are readily degraded by enzymes produced by wide range of organisms
Highly branched molecules permit rapid release of monosaccharide
What are the names of the two molecules that make up starch?
amylose and amylopectin
What type of glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen?
a1-6 branches every 10-12 glucose units
What type of glycosidic bonds are present in cellulose?
Chains of b-(1-4) linked glucose
What do alternate glucose units do in order to form a straight chain of cellulose?
.
What is the name of the polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons?
chitin
What is the name of the polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls whose formation is inhibited by penicillin?
peptidoglycan (murein)
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Approximately how much energy is released when the terminal phosphate of ATP is removed by hydrolysis?
31Kj
Name 2 mechanisms by which ATP can be produced in cells
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Name 2 hydrogen carriers found in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
CoQ/CoQH2 (Coenzyme Q)
FAD/FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
FMN/FMNH2 (Flavin mononucleotide)
NAD+/NADH+H+
What is the final acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain
-
How many protein/carrier complexes are there in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
-
How many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of NADH+H+ oxidised through the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
3
The chemiosmotic process depends on what being pumped across an impermeable membrane?
A membrane impermeable to H+ and other inorganic ions
Transfer of H+ across the membrane
What is the name of the enzyme that is referred to as an elementary particle?
-
