carbohydrates

Question 1

empirical formula of carbohydrates

Answer 1

(CH2O)n

Question 2

chirally active carbon

Answer 2

carbon is attached to 4 different groups

Question 3

aldehyde carbon in aldoses

Answer 3

C1

Question 4

carbonyl carbon in ketoses

Answer 4

C2

Question 5

aldehyde

Answer 5

carbon is attached to hydrogen, r group and double bonded to oxygen

Question 6

ketone

Answer 6

carbon attached to 2 r groups and double bonded to oxygen

Question 7

3 carbon molecule

Answer 7

trioses

Question 8

4 carbon molecule

Answer 8

tetroses

Question 9

5 carbon molecule

Answer 9

pentoses

Question 10

6 carbon molecule

Answer 10

hexoses

Question 11

aldehyde + alcohol

Answer 11

hemiacetal

ring forms because r is part of same molecule as aldehyde

Question 12

ketone + alcohol

Answer 12

hemiketal

ring forms because r is part of same molecule as the ketone

Question 13

ring form of pyranose sugar structure

Answer 13

planar chair configuration

Question 14

axial orientation

Answer 14

substituent points up or down

Question 15

equatorial orientation

Answer 15

substituent is on the same plane as the ring

Question 16

anomer

Answer 16

an epimer at the hemiketal/hemiacetal carbon = the anomeric carbon

Question 17

when the stereochemical isomer is at c1, is it a new sugar?

Answer 17

no, just an alpha or beta form of the sugar

Question 18

alpha and beta sugars

Answer 18

configuration (a or e) of anomeric carbon compared to anomeric reference atom.
eg in alpha it could be axial and beta it could be equatorial

Question 19

anomeric carbon in aldoses

Answer 19

C1

Question 20

anomeric carbon in ketoses

Answer 20

C2

Question 21

how are D and L sugars determined

Answer 21

configuaration of chirally active carbon furthest away from aldehyde or ketone groups

Question 22

enantiomer

Answer 22

mirror image molecules

Question 23

epimer

Answer 23

molecules are different sugars, asymmetric carbon 2,3,4 different configuration to glucose
you say epimers AT C_
eg glucose and mannose epimers at C4

Question 24

maltose

Answer 24

major product of starch digestion

hydrolysed by maltase

Question 25

lactose

Answer 25

sugar found in milk

hydrolysed by lactase

Question 26

sucrose

Answer 26

transported form of carbohydrate from plants

hydrolysed by sucrase

Question 27

starch and glycogen

Answer 27

polysaccharides of D-glucose

major energy source

Question 28

reducing end

Answer 28

terminal sugar where C1 is unattached

ring can open and aldehyde can form

Question 29

reducing sugar

Answer 29

any sugar capable of acting as a reducing agent because it has a free aldehyde or keto group

Question 30

cellulose structure

Answer 30

plant polysaccharide used for structure

long beta 1,4 glucose chains

Question 31

peptidoglycan

Answer 31

bacterial cell walls
good target for antibiotics
lysosome targets cell wall

Question 32

glycoconjugates

Answer 32

carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins and lipids

e.g. glycolipids

Question 33

o linked proteins

Answer 33

joined to hydroxyl of serine or threonine

Question 34

proteoglycans

Answer 34

attached mostly via O-linkage to glycosaminoglycans

adhesion of cells

Question 35

glycosyltransferases (GTs)

Answer 35

transfer sugars fro nucelotides onto other molecules