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Science for Medicine Adele > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 important monosaccharides in human biochemistry?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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2
Q

What are the 3 important disaccharides in human biochemistry?

A

Maltose, lactose and sucrose

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3
Q

Is maltose a reducing sugar?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the main sugar in milk?

A

Lactose

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5
Q

Is lactose a reducing sugar?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Which monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

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7
Q

Which monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

2x glucose

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8
Q

Which monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

Fructose and glucose

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9
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

A

No

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10
Q

What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?

A

Homopolysaccharides - single monomeric species

Heteropolysaccharides - two or more monomer species

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11
Q

Which two types of glucose polymer make up starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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12
Q

What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is linear but amylopectin is branched

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13
Q

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Glycogen is more extensively branched than starch

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14
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached

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15
Q

What are mucopolysaccharidoses?

A

A group of genetic disorders caused by the absence or malfunction of enzymes that are required for the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans

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16
Q

What happens in the mouth to aid carbohydrate digestion?

A

Salivary amylase hydrolyses (α1→4) bonds of starch

17
Q

What happens in the stomach to aid carbohydrate digestion?

A

Nothing

18
Q

What happens in the duodenum to aid carbohydrate digestion?

A

Pancreatic amylase hydrolyses (α1→4) bonds of starch

19
Q

What are the 4 enzymes that act in the jejunum to digest carbohydrates?

A

Isomaltase, glucoamylase, sucrase, lactase

20
Q

What is the most common disaccharidase deficiency?

A

Lactose intolerance

21
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate in the liver once it enters the cell?

A

Glucokinase

22
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate once it enters the cell, except in the liver?

A

Hexokinase

23
Q

Why does glucose 6-phosphate not diffuse out of the cell?

A

The GLUT transporter will not recognise it

24
Q

Does glucokinase have a high or low Km for glucose?

A

High

25
Q

Does glucokinase have a high or low Vmax?

A

High

26
Q

Does hexokinase have a high or low Km for glucose?

A

Low

27
Q

Does hexokinase have a high or low Vmax?

A

Low

28
Q

Does glycogen form directly from glucose monomers?

A

No

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