Carbohydrates

Question 1

Aldose

Answer 1

R-O-H

Question 2

Ketose

Answer 2

R-O-R’

Question 3

Triose Monosaccharide

Answer 3

3C
Glyceraldehyde (aldose)
Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

Question 4

Tetrose Monosaccharide

Answer 4

4C
Erythose (aldose)
No ketose

Question 5

Pentose

Answer 5

5C
D-Ribose (aldose)
D-Ribulose (ketose)

Question 6

Hexose

Answer 6

6C
D-Glucose, Galactose, Mannose (aldose)
D-Fructose (ketose)

Question 7

Heptose

Answer 7

7C
No aldose
Sedoheptulose (ketose)

Question 8

Fiber = what? What is its structure?

Answer 8

Cellulose; linear (beta 1-4 bond)

Question 9

Amylopectin/Amylose Linkage

Answer 9

Alpha 1-4 and 1-6

Question 10

Glycogen Structure

Answer 10

Linear with alpha 1-4 linkages and branch points with alpha 1-6 linkages

Question 11

Starch Structure. Is it water soluble?

Answer 11

Linear with alpha 1-4 linkages and branch points with alpha 1-6 linkages; yes

Question 12

Name 3 polysaccharides

Answer 12

1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose

Question 13

How does cellulose scrape cell walls?

Answer 13

Microfibrils

Question 14

End of name is larger part of molecule example

Answer 14

Proteoglycan vs Glycoprotein

Question 15

Maltose Monosaccharide Component

Answer 15

Glucose + Glucose (alpha linkage 1-4) (iso is alpha 1-6)

Question 16

Lactose Monosaccharide Component

Answer 16

Galactose + Glucose (beta 1-4 linkage)

Question 17

Sucrose Monosaccharide Component

Answer 17

Glucose + Fructose (alpha 1, beta 2 linkage)

Question 18

Trehalase

Answer 18

Alpha 1-1 and produces glucose

Question 19

What does AGE cause?

Answer 19

Inflammation, vasoconstriction, and atherosclerosis

Question 20

Amylase does not work on what? What makes it out?

Answer 20

Disaccharides and cellulose; cellulose

Question 21

What GLUT goes up with insulin?

Answer 21

GLUT 4 (fat and muscle)

Question 22

Fructose Transfer

Answer 22

GLUT 5 (not glucose transporter) into small intestines and testes

Question 23

What transporter is sodium dependent? What does it take? Where?

Answer 23

SGLT1; glucose and galactose (pumped) in small intestine and kidney

Question 24

All carbs are take to blood and BBB by what GLUT?

Answer 24

GLUT 1

Question 25

Neurons GLUT?

Answer 25

GLUT 3

Question 26

Galactosemias to know and their deficient enzyme. Effects?

Answer 26

1. Class Galactosemia; galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase; developmental delays and can't have breast milk 2. Galactokinase Deficiency; galactokinase; cataracts 3. Galactose Epimerase Deficiency; epimerase; can't have lactose and galactose

Question 27

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) Enzyme. Autosomal recessive or dominant?

Answer 27

Fructose-1-P Aldolase (aldolase B); recessive

Question 28

Symptoms of HFI?

Answer 28

Hypoglycemia, jaundice, vomiting, hepatic failure and death

Question 29

Treatment of HFI?

Answer 29

Remove sucrose and fructose from diet

Question 30

Treatment for Congential Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex Deficiency? (CSID)

Answer 30

Sucraid (sucrose from yeast)

Question 31

Phosphorylate mannose means what?

Answer 31

Sorting to lysozyme

Question 32

I-Cell Disease

Answer 32

Not phosphorylating mannose, things not getting to lysozyme and instead secreted extracellulary

Question 33

I-Cell Disease Symptom?

Answer 33

Lysosomal enzymes in blood (breaks down lipids, sugars, GAGs)

Question 34

Diseases in Lysozyme

Answer 34

1. I-Cell 2. Gaucher 3. Tay-Sachs

Question 35

Gaucher

Answer 35

Defect in glucocerebroside (GBA) enzyme. Enlarged WBC

Question 36

Tay-Sachs

Answer 36

Acetylhexosaminidase A deficiency (HEXA). Ganglioside accumulation

Question 37

Dynein

Answer 37

Inward = retrograde

Question 38

Kinesin

Answer 38

Outward = anterograde

Question 39

Zellweger Syndrome Location

Answer 39

Peroxisome; PEX1 mutation - no peroxisome assembly and problems with fatty acid oxidation - detect increase in very long chain fatty acids

Question 40

Hutchinson-Gilford Disease (young people look old)

Answer 40

In lamin; gets lipid anchor and envelope shrivels

Question 41

Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (2 forms)

Answer 41

X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant; nuclear laminin. Defects in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Question 42

Lamins

Answer 42

Protein that make up nuclear lamina

Question 43

GLUT 2

Answer 43

Liver, kidney, pancreas

Question 44

Symptoms of AGE

Answer 44

Inflammation, increased vasoconstriction, atherosclerosis