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pH - Foundations 08-10-17 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Aldose

A

R-O-H

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2
Q

Ketose

A

R-O-R’

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3
Q

Triose Monosaccharide

A

3C
Glyceraldehyde (aldose)
Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

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4
Q

Tetrose Monosaccharide

A

4C
Erythose (aldose)
No ketose

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5
Q

Pentose

A

5C
D-Ribose (aldose)
D-Ribulose (ketose)

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6
Q

Hexose

A

6C
D-Glucose, Galactose, Mannose (aldose)
D-Fructose (ketose)

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7
Q

Heptose

A

7C
No aldose
Sedoheptulose (ketose)

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8
Q

Fiber = what? What is its structure?

A

Cellulose; linear (beta 1-4 bond)

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9
Q

Amylopectin/Amylose Linkage

A

Alpha 1-4 and 1-6

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10
Q

Glycogen Structure

A

Linear with alpha 1-4 linkages and branch points with alpha 1-6 linkages

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11
Q

Starch Structure. Is it water soluble?

A

Linear with alpha 1-4 linkages and branch points with alpha 1-6 linkages; yes

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12
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Starch
  3. Cellulose
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13
Q

How does cellulose scrape cell walls?

A

Microfibrils

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14
Q

End of name is larger part of molecule example

A

Proteoglycan vs Glycoprotein

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15
Q

Maltose Monosaccharide Component

A

Glucose + Glucose (alpha linkage 1-4) (iso is alpha 1-6)

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16
Q

Lactose Monosaccharide Component

A

Galactose + Glucose (beta 1-4 linkage)

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17
Q

Sucrose Monosaccharide Component

A

Glucose + Fructose (alpha 1, beta 2 linkage)

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18
Q

Trehalase

A

Alpha 1-1 and produces glucose

19
Q

What does AGE cause?

A

Inflammation, vasoconstriction, and atherosclerosis

20
Q

Amylase does not work on what? What makes it out?

A

Disaccharides and cellulose; cellulose

21
Q

What GLUT goes up with insulin?

A

GLUT 4 (fat and muscle)

22
Q

Fructose Transfer

A

GLUT 5 (not glucose transporter) into small intestines and testes

23
Q

What transporter is sodium dependent? What does it take? Where?

A

SGLT1; glucose and galactose (pumped) in small intestine and kidney

24
Q

All carbs are take to blood and BBB by what GLUT?

A

GLUT 1

25
Q

Neurons GLUT?

A

GLUT 3

26
Q

Galactosemias to know and their deficient enzyme. Effects?

A
  1. Class Galactosemia; galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase; developmental delays and can’t have breast milk
  2. Galactokinase Deficiency; galactokinase; cataracts
  3. Galactose Epimerase Deficiency; epimerase; can’t have lactose and galactose
27
Q

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) Enzyme. Autosomal recessive or dominant?

A

Fructose-1-P Aldolase (aldolase B); recessive

28
Q

Symptoms of HFI?

A

Hypoglycemia, jaundice, vomiting, hepatic failure and death

29
Q

Treatment of HFI?

A

Remove sucrose and fructose from diet

30
Q

Treatment for Congential Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex Deficiency? (CSID)

A

Sucraid (sucrose from yeast)

31
Q

Phosphorylate mannose means what?

A

Sorting to lysozyme

32
Q

I-Cell Disease

A

Not phosphorylating mannose, things not getting to lysozyme and instead secreted extracellulary

33
Q

I-Cell Disease Symptom?

A

Lysosomal enzymes in blood (breaks down lipids, sugars, GAGs)

34
Q

Diseases in Lysozyme

A
  1. I-Cell
  2. Gaucher
  3. Tay-Sachs
35
Q

Gaucher

A

Defect in glucocerebroside (GBA) enzyme. Enlarged WBC

36
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

Acetylhexosaminidase A deficiency (HEXA). Ganglioside accumulation

37
Q

Dynein

A

Inward = retrograde

38
Q

Kinesin

A

Outward = anterograde

39
Q

Zellweger Syndrome Location

A

Peroxisome; PEX1 mutation - no peroxisome assembly and problems with fatty acid oxidation - detect increase in very long chain fatty acids

40
Q

Hutchinson-Gilford Disease (young people look old)

A

In lamin; gets lipid anchor and envelope shrivels

41
Q

Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (2 forms)

A

X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant; nuclear laminin. Defects in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

42
Q

Lamins

A

Protein that make up nuclear lamina

43
Q

GLUT 2

A

Liver, kidney, pancreas

44
Q

Symptoms of AGE

A

Inflammation, increased vasoconstriction, atherosclerosis

pH - Foundations 08-10-17 (4 decks)

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