Carbohydrates (2)

Question 1

4 Biomedical important monosaccharide

Answer 1

1) Triose
2) Tetrose
3) Pentose
4) Hexose

Question 2

2 Trioses that are important intermediates in the process of glycolysis

Answer 2

1) D-Glyceraldehyde
2) Dihydroxyacetone

Question 3

A series of reaction whereby glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate

Answer 3

Glycolysis

Question 4

-precursors of glycerol
-organisms synthesizes and incorporates into various types of lipids.

Answer 4

D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

Question 5

-Triose
-Is a chiral molecule

Answer 5

D-glyceraldehyde

Question 6

-Triose
-Not a chiral molecule

Answer 6

Dihydroxyacetone

Question 7

An intermediate in hexosemonophosphate shunt which is an alternative pathway for glucose oxidation

Answer 7

Erythrose

Question 8

5 Pentoses

Answer 8

1) D-Ribose
2) D-2-Deoxyribose
3) L-Xylulose
4) D-Xylose
5) L- Fucose

Question 9

-a constituent of RNA
-constituent of certain coenzymes; FAD and NAD

Answer 9

D-Ribose

Question 10

FAD

Answer 10

Flavin Adenosine Dinucleotide

Question 11

NAD

Answer 11

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Question 12

A constituent of DNA

Answer 12

D-2-Deoxyribose

Question 13

A metabolite if D-glucuronic acid and is excreted to urine of humans afflicted with hereditary abnormality in metabolism called pentosuria

Answer 13

L-Xylulose

Question 14

-Known as “Wood Sugar”
- Use as diagnostic aid for cystic fibrosis
-Sources: Corn Cob

Answer 14

D-Xylose

Question 15

-Methylpentose
-Occurs in glycoprotein

Answer 15

L-Fucose

Question 16

4 Hexoses

Answer 16

1) D-Glucose
2) D-Galactose
3) Fructose
4) D-Mannose

Question 17

• the most abundant in nature.
• most important from a human nutritional standpoint

Answer 17

Beta- D Glucose

Question 18

• tastes sweet
• nutritious
• an important component of the human diet

Answer 18

D-Glucose

Question 19

• tasteless
• the body cannot use it

Answer 19

L-Glucose

Question 20

Ripe fruits particularly grapes (20%-30% glucose is referred as ___

Answer 20

Grape Sugar

Question 21

• Known as “dextrose” in aq. sol’n , rotates plane-polarized light to the right
• converted into Glycogen for storage into liver and muscle

Answer 21

D- Glucose

Question 22

• a polymer of D-Glucose
• Used as a plasma expander to increase blood volume in case of hemorrage and shock

Answer 22

Dextran

Question 23

• Constituent of milk sugar, lactose
• In tissues as a constituent of galactolipid and glycoprotein
• Less sweet than glucose and less soluble in water

Answer 23

D-Galactose

Question 24

• an epimer of glucose (Carbon 4)
• it is formed in the body from glucose by epimerization by the enzyme, Epimerase in the liver

Answer 24

D-Galactose

Question 25

-On oxidation with hot Nitric Acid, it yields to _____, ______ - which helps in its identification, since the crystals of mucic acid are not difficult to produce and have characteristic shape

Answer 25

Dicarboxylic Acid, Mucic Acid

Question 26

- "fruit sugar" as it occurs free in fruits - very sweet sugar, much sweeter than sucrose and more reactive than glucose - occurs as constituent of sucrose and polysaccharide inulin - exhibits Mutarotations

Answer 26

Fructose

Question 27

-does not occur free in nature but is in combination with the polysaccharide. - in the body it is found as a constituent of glycoprotein

Answer 27

D-Mannose

Question 28

4 Other biomedical important derivatives of monosaccharide

Answer 28

1) Deoxy Sugars 2) Amino Acids (Hexosamines) 3) Sialic Acid 4) Glycosides

Question 29

Other biomedical important derivatives of monosaccharide

Answer 29

1) Deoxy Sugars 2) Amino Acids (Hexosamines) 3) Sialic Acid 4) Glycosides

Question 30

-sugars in which the oxygen of an -OH group has been removed, leaving the hydrogen

Answer 30

Deoxy Sugars

Question 31

-containing -NH² - they give chemical rxns characteristics of sugar - occur when combined as N-acetyl derivatives

Answer 31

Amino Sugars (Hexoseamines)

Question 32

-constituent of MPS (mucopolysaccharide) -present in hyaluronic acid and heparin and also in blood group substance - constituent of chitin (chitosamine)

Answer 32

N-acetyl derivative of D-glucoseamine

Question 33

-found in sulphated MPS as chondroitin sulphates which are presentin cartilages, bones, tendons and heart valves (also known as "chondrosamine")

Answer 33

N-acetyl Galactosamine

Question 34

- Erythromycin contains dimethyl amino sugars and carbomycin 3-amino-D-ribose. - Amino sugars are related to the antibiotic activity of these drugs.

Answer 34

Antibiotics

Question 35

- an aldol condensation product of pyruvic acid and D-mannosamine; unstable - found in nature in the form of acylated derivatives known as ____ ( N-acetyl neuramic acid-NANA)

Answer 35

Sialic Acid

Question 36

Condensation product of D-glucoseamine and Lactic Acid

Answer 36

Muramic Acid

Question 37

Occur in a number of mucopolysaccharides and in glycolipids like Gangliosides

Answer 37

Neuramic Acid and Sialic Acids

Question 38

Nitrogenous oligosaccharides containing neuramic acid are found in ____

Answer 38

Milk

Question 39

Certain bacterial walls contain __

Answer 39

Muramic Acid

Question 40

- Are compounds containing a carbohydrate and non carbohydrate (aglycone) residue in the same molecule - They are named according to the carbohydrate it contains (e.g glucoside) - Found in many drugs species and in the constituents of animal tissues - Widely distributed in plant kingdom

Answer 40

Glycosides

Question 41

-Used in cardiac insufficiency -they are derivatives of Digitalis, Strophantus and Squill plants

Answer 41

Cardiac Glycosides

Question 42

Inhibits active transport of sodium ions in cardiac muscle in vivo ("sodium pump" inhibitor)

Answer 42

Ouabain

Question 43

-from the root and bark of apple tree -blocks the transport of sugar acroas the mucosal cells of small intestine and also renal tubular epithelium - it displaces sodium ion from the binding site of "carrier protein" - prevents the binding of sugatlr molecule and produces glycosuria -other glycosites include antibiotic like streptomycin

Answer 43

Plorhizin