carbohydrates Flashcards
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the general formula Cm(H2O)n.
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
2:1
What are the three main types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides?
Simplest form of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down further.
Name three common monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Do monosaccharides share any common properties?
Yes, they are sweet-tasting, soluble in water, and lower water potential.
Where is glucose commonly found?
Small quantities in animals.
Where is fructose commonly found?
Plants, uncommon in animals.
What is galactose a component of?
Lactose.
What are disaccharides made of?
Two monosaccharides joined through a condensation reaction.
What type of bond joins monosaccharides in disaccharides?
Glycosidic bond (covalent bond).
What monosaccharides make up maltose?
Glucose + Glucose (Malt sugar).
What monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Glucose + Fructose (Table sugar, found in fruits & storage roots).
What monosaccharides make up lactose?
Glucose + Galactose (Found in mammalian milk).
Why can’t polysaccharides affect water potential?
They are large molecules that cannot diffuse through the cell membrane.
What are polysaccharides made of?
Many monosaccharides joined together with glycosidic bonds.
What are the common types of polysaccharides?
Storage polysaccharides (starch & glycogen) and structural polysaccharides (cellulose).
What monomer makes up polysaccharides?
Glucose.
Where is starch found?
Plants.
What is the structure of starch?
Long straight chains or branched chains of glucose.
Where is glycogen found?
Mainly in animals.
What is the structure of glycogen?
Highly branched chains of glucose.
Where is glycogen stored in mammals?
Liver and muscles.
Why are starch and glycogen good for storage?
Insoluble in water (don’t affect water potential), too large to diffuse through membranes, compact shapes, easily broken down when needed.
