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Unit 1 AS biology > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

structure of carbon atoms

A
  • form covalent bonds with oxygen, nitorgen a sulfur
  • bond to form straight chains
  • form sub units such as monomers
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2
Q

polymerisation

A

joining monomers to form polysaccharides

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3
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharies
polysaccharides

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4
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • simple carbohydrates
  • sugars
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5
Q

types of monosaccharies

A

triose eg. glyceraldehyde
pentose eg. ribose
hexose eg. glucose

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6
Q

disaccharides

A
  • two monosaccharides joined together
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7
Q

what forms a disaccharides

A

condensation reaction

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8
Q

condensation reaction

A

one or two molecules join together via the formation of a new chemical bond with a molecule of H20 being relased

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9
Q

bond between 2 monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what forms polysaccharides

A

chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in condensation reaction

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11
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide in plants

A

starch

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12
Q

what is starch constructed of

A

amylose and amylopectin

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13
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

A

glycogen

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14
Q

one feature of glycogen

A

compact- much can be stored in a small space

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15
Q

what has a high conc. of glycogen

A

liver and muscle cells, which enables high cellular respiration

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16
Q

what type of sugar is glucose

A

hexose (6 carbons)

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17
Q

structure of glucose

A

6 carbons, in a ring

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of glucose

A

alpha and beta

19
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Alpha has the hydrogen Above

Beta has the hydrogen Below

20
Q

functions of monosaccharides

A

store energy within their bonds, when the bonds break during respiration it gets released

21
Q

strucutre of glucose related to its function

A

soluble for it to be transported easily
- many covalent bonds to store energy

22
Q

how are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed

A

when 2 OH groups on different monosaccharides interact to form a strong covalent bond

23
Q

1,4- glycosidic bond

A

if the OH groups are located on carbon 1 on one monosaccharide and carbon 4 on the other

24
Q

1,6- glycosidic bond

A

carbon 1 of one monosaccharide and carbon 6 of the other

25
Q

how is a glycosidic bond broken

A

when water is added in a hydrolysis reaction

26
Q

structure of maltose

A

two glucose molecules linked by a 1,4- glycosidic bond

27
Q

strucutre of sucrose

A

glucose and fructose linked by a 1,2 glycosidic bond

28
Q

structure of lactose

A

glucose and galactose linked by a 1,4- glycosidic bond

29
Q

main function of dissacharides

A

provide the body with a quick-release source of energy

30
Q

why are dissacharides easily absorbed into bloodstream

A

made of sugar molecules easily broken down by enzymes

31
Q

why are dissacharides easily soluble in water

A

a large number of the hydroxyl group

32
Q

polysaccharides structure

A

branched or unbranches
straight or coiled

33
Q

advantage of polysaccharides being branched

A

increases the rate at which the polysaccharide is broken down

34
Q

advantage of polysaccharide being straight

A

makes the molecules suitable for constructing cellular structure

35
Q

advantage of polysaccharide being coiled

A

makes the molecule more compact and suitable for storage

36
Q

why are starch and glycogen be useful for storage

A
  • compact: large quantities stored
  • insoluble: no osmotic effect
37
Q

amylose

A
  • unbranched helix chain
  • 1,4 glycosidic bond between alpha glucose molecules
38
Q

amylopectin

A
  • branched molecule
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules and 1,6 glycosidic bond
39
Q

advantage of amylopectin being branched

A

glucose molecules can be easily hydrolysed and used for cellular respiration

40
Q

glycogen structure

A
  • highly branches
  • 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond
  • compact
41
Q

why is glycogen more branched than amylopectin

A
  • provides more terminal glucose molecules which can be added or removed by hydrolysis
  • allowed quick storage
42
Q

how are polysaccharides adapted to its function

A
  • compact
  • insoluble
43
Q

where is starch stored

A

plastids

44
Q

plastids

A

membrane-bound organelles that can be found in plant cells

Unit 1 AS biology (2 decks)

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