carbohydrates Flashcards
structure of carbon atoms
- form covalent bonds with oxygen, nitorgen a sulfur
- bond to form straight chains
- form sub units such as monomers
polymerisation
joining monomers to form polysaccharides
3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharies
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
- simple carbohydrates
- sugars
types of monosaccharies
triose eg. glyceraldehyde
pentose eg. ribose
hexose eg. glucose
disaccharides
- two monosaccharides joined together
what forms a disaccharides
condensation reaction
condensation reaction
one or two molecules join together via the formation of a new chemical bond with a molecule of H20 being relased
bond between 2 monosaccharides
glycosidic bond
what forms polysaccharides
chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in condensation reaction
what is the storage polysaccharide in plants
starch
what is starch constructed of
amylose and amylopectin
what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
glycogen
one feature of glycogen
compact- much can be stored in a small space
what has a high conc. of glycogen
liver and muscle cells, which enables high cellular respiration
what type of sugar is glucose
hexose (6 carbons)
structure of glucose
6 carbons, in a ring
what are the 2 types of glucose
alpha and beta
difference between alpha and beta glucose
Alpha has the hydrogen Above
Beta has the hydrogen Below
functions of monosaccharides
store energy within their bonds, when the bonds break during respiration it gets released
strucutre of glucose related to its function
soluble for it to be transported easily
- many covalent bonds to store energy
how are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed
when 2 OH groups on different monosaccharides interact to form a strong covalent bond
1,4- glycosidic bond
if the OH groups are located on carbon 1 on one monosaccharide and carbon 4 on the other
1,6- glycosidic bond
carbon 1 of one monosaccharide and carbon 6 of the other
how is a glycosidic bond broken
when water is added in a hydrolysis reaction
structure of maltose
two glucose molecules linked by a 1,4- glycosidic bond
strucutre of sucrose
glucose and fructose linked by a 1,2 glycosidic bond
structure of lactose
glucose and galactose linked by a 1,4- glycosidic bond
main function of dissacharides
provide the body with a quick-release source of energy
why are dissacharides easily absorbed into bloodstream
made of sugar molecules easily broken down by enzymes
why are dissacharides easily soluble in water
a large number of the hydroxyl group
polysaccharides structure
branched or unbranches
straight or coiled
advantage of polysaccharides being branched
increases the rate at which the polysaccharide is broken down
advantage of polysaccharide being straight
makes the molecules suitable for constructing cellular structure
advantage of polysaccharide being coiled
makes the molecule more compact and suitable for storage
why are starch and glycogen be useful for storage
- compact: large quantities stored
- insoluble: no osmotic effect
amylose
- unbranched helix chain
- 1,4 glycosidic bond between alpha glucose molecules
amylopectin
- branched molecule
- 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules and 1,6 glycosidic bond
advantage of amylopectin being branched
glucose molecules can be easily hydrolysed and used for cellular respiration
glycogen structure
- highly branches
- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond
- compact
why is glycogen more branched than amylopectin
- provides more terminal glucose molecules which can be added or removed by hydrolysis
- allowed quick storage
how are polysaccharides adapted to its function
- compact
- insoluble
where is starch stored
plastids
plastids
membrane-bound organelles that can be found in plant cells
