CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Considered as the most
abundant molecules on earth
and is the simplest among
other types of organic
compounds.
CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
Empirical Formula of carbs
CH2O
Referred to as saccharides,
meaning “sugars”
CARBOHYDRATES
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES (give at least 4)
- Main source of energy for our body.
- Protein-sparing function
- Necessary for normal fat metabolism
- Cellulose stimulate peristaltic movement of our
gastrointestinal tract and adds “bulk” in our stool - Lactose promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, causing
laxative action. - Glucose is the sole source of energy in our brain and proper
functioning of our tissues. - Certain products of carbohydrate metabolism act as catalyst
• A covalent bond that
is formed between a
carbohydrate
molecule and another
molecule such as
between two
monosaccharides.
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
Occurs in the tissues
such as the conversion
of galactose in the
liver to glucose. The
conversion is
catalysed by an
enzyme epimerase.
EPIMERIZATION
• Sugars with aldehyde function
or an acetal equivalent
• The monosaccharide is an
aldehyde if the carbonyl group
is at the end of the carbon
chain.
Aldose
Sugars having a ketone
function or an acetal
equivalent
• The monosaccharide is a
ketone if the carbonyl group is
at any other position.
Ketose
example of an aldose
glyceraldehyde
example of a ketose
dihyroxyacetone.
Sugars oxidized by
Tollens’ or Benedict’s or
Fehling’s reagents.
REDUCING
Sugars not oxidized by
Tollens’ or other reagents.
NON-REDUCING
• Consist of a single
polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketone
unit
• Smallest
carbohydrates with
3-7 (5-6)carbon
MONOSACCHARIDES “Simple Sugars”
• Most common
monosaccharide
• Formula: C6H12O6
GLUCOSE
• Sweetest of simple
sugar that are
found in sucrose,
honey, fruits, and
vegetables.
• Formula: C6H12O6
FRUCTOSE
• A part of lactose
or a product of
lactose
breakdown.
• Formula: C6H12O6
GALACTOSE
• Composed of
short chains of
monosaccharides
that are joined together
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
• Are the most
abundant with two
monosaccharide
units that are joined
together through
dehydration
synthesis.
DISACCHARIDES (di-”two”)
•This sugar is formed
when a monomer of
glucose bonds to a
monomer of fructose.
A. SUCROSE
• Consist of
monomers of
glucose and
galactose
LACTOSE
Formed from
bonds of two
glucose
monomers.
MALTOSE
Composed of many
molecules of simple
sugar
POLYSACCHARIDES (Poly-”many”)
• Made up the cell wall of
plants
• Helps in lowering the glucose
level in the blood of people
with diabetes.
• It is also essential in
manufacturing numerous
products, including paper,
textiles and pharmaceuticals.
CELLULOSE
• These complex carbs have
the same structures and
functions.
• They supply energy for
longer period
• Since they are not
water-soluble, they need
digestive enzyme known as
“amylase” to break them apart
STARCH AND GLYCOGEN