ACIDS, BASES, BUFFERS AND pH Flashcards
TRUE OR FALSE.
The electrons in an atom are located at same energy
levels.
FALSE, different energy levels
what do we call the electrons in the highest energy
valence electron
what governs an atom’s bonding
behavior?
number of valence electron
what are the two ways in which stability can be achieved?
- ionic bond
- covalent bond
By moving electrons, the two atoms become linked. This is
known as _____________
chemical bonding
Atoms are much more stable, or less reactive, with a ____________
full valence shell
an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons,
making them negatively or positively charged.
Ion
What are positively charged ions (+) called?
cation
What are negatively charged ions (-) called?
anion
Ionic compounds are made of ____________
oppositely charged ions
what bond makes solid crystals
ionic
any ionic compound that releases hydrogen ion in a solution
acid
any ionic compound that releases hydroxide ions in the solution
base
true or false.
Water cannot form acids and bases
false
Water can form acids and bases
does neutral water have an equal amount of H+ and OH-?
yes
what do you call when there is an excess of H+ in an aqueous solution
acid
what do you call when there is an excess of OH- in an aqueous solution
base
Acidity of a solution is measured
by the ________________________
concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+)
Weak acids have a _____ taste.
sour
add acid to water or water to acid?
acid to water
TRUE OR FALSE
weak acids completely dissociate in water
False
weak acids DO NOT completely dissociate in water
Bases are also called _________ substances.
alkaline
give some general properties of bases
bitter taste, slimy or soapy feel on fingers
TRUE OR FALSE
pH balance is important to
homeostasis of organisms.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
urine is slightly basic
FALSE.
slightly acidic
Compounds that dissociate in water and
produce cations other than H+ and
anions other than OH- are called what?
salts
the most familiar salt
sodium chloride
the principal component of the common table salt
sodium chloride
Certain salts, called ________, can
combine with excess hydrogen (H+) or
hydroxide (OH-) ions.
buffers
produces substances that are less acidic or less alkaline
buffers
Acts like a chemical sponge to soak
up excess acid or base, keep pH
constant.
buffers
can buffers be used up?
yes
__________ are buffers made of the salt calcium carbonate (CaCo3)
antacids
measures how acidic/basic water is
pH
pH of less than 7 indicate _______, whereas a pH of
greater than 7 indicates a _______.
acidity, base
compounds or mixtures of compounds
that by their presence in the solution resist changes
in the pH upon the addition of small quantities of
acid or alkali.
Buffers
It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid
or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution
relatively stable.
buffers
This is important for processes and/or reactions
which require specific and stable pH ranges
buffer
calculation formulas
- pH=−log[H3O+]
- pOH=−log[OH−]
- [H3O+]=10−pH.
- [OH−]=10−pOH.
What is the biochemical
relevance of pH?
pH is biologically important
because it affects the structure
and activity of macromolecules.
pH is important in homeostatic
processes.
Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4
-) is a weak acid or weak base?
weak acid
Dihydrogen Phosphate is a weak acid or weak base?
weak acid
Monohydrogen Phosphate
(HPO4
-2) is a weak acid or weak base?
weak base
what are the two forms of phosphate found
in the blood
o Dihydrogen Phosphate
(H2PO4
-)
o Monohydrogen Phosphate
(HPO4
-2)
where can protein buffer systems be found?
blood; both in the plasma and erythrocytes
TRUE OR FLASE.
plasma proteins has about 6x more buffering capacity than hemoglobin
FALSE
hemoglobin has about 6x more buffering capacity than plasma protein
Used for calculating the pH of buffer solutions.
THE HENDERSON – HASSELBACK EQUATION
When an acid (HA ) is added to water – it has the tendency to _____ its proton.
lose
The tendency of the acid (HA) to lose its proton and form its
conjugate base (A-) is defined by the _____________________.
equilibrium constant K
Why should a person with stomach
acid disorder avoid drinking coffee,
soda and alcohol?
Acid reflux causes a burning sensation in
the throat and chest. Drinking water, low fat
milk, and herbal teas may help manage it.
Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and sodas may
worsen symptoms. Acid reflux, or heartburn,
occurs when stomach acid flows back up into a
person’s esophagus.
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a
condition in which stomach acid repeatedly
flows back up into the tube connecting the
mouth and stomach, called the esophagus. It’s
often called GERD for short. This backwash is
known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the
lining of the esophagus.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a
condition in which stomach acid repeatedly
flows back up into the tube connecting the
mouth and stomach, called the ________. It’s
often called GERD for short. This backwash is
known as _________, and it can irritate the
lining of the __________.
esophagus, acid reflux, esophagus
What are stomach ulcers?
A stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer is
an open sore in your stomach lining. It
happens when stomach acid erodes through
the mucosa.
enumerate atleast 5 symptoms of stomach ulcers
- pain
- retching
- vomiting
- apetite changes
- nausea
- weight loss
- bloating
- dark blood in stool
this type of enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
salivary amylase
this type of enzyme digests proteins found in ingested food
pepsin
this type of enzyme breaks down complex lactose sugars into simpler sugars such as glucose and galactose
lactase
this type of enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose or cane sugar to the simpler sugar glucose and fructose
sucrase
this type of enzyme is involved in the breakdown of maltose, a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules
maltase
this type of enzyme breaks down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines
lipase
a normal slightly acidic vaginal pH of _____ to ______ creates a natural barrier to bacterial & yeast infections
3.8 - 4.5
a normal alkaline vaginal pH of _____ to _____ encourage sperm viability and motility
7.0 - 8.5
When douching with vinegar or
antiseptics, you can actually cause ____________ to the vaginal microbiome.
Douching also washes away the ________________, leaving the door open
for disruptive bacteria or yeast to grow.
chemical damage, good lactobacillus bacteria
How does ascorbic acid help the immune
system?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) stimulates
neutrophil migration to the site of infection,
enhances phagocytosis and oxidant
generation, and microbial killing.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) stimulates
________ migration to the site of infection,
enhances phagocytosis and oxidant
generation, and microbial killing.
neutrophil
What is the pH of normal saline solution? What
is its significance in the hospital setting?
Saline is acidic, with a pH of 5.5 (due
mainly to dissolved carbon dioxide).
used in the management and treatment of
dehydration (e.g., hypovolemia, shock),
metabolic alkalosis in the presence of fluid
loss, and mild sodium depletion.
normal saline solution
Why are citrus foods contraindicated in
patients taking antihypertensives?
If you’re taking a calcium channel blocker
(another type of hypertension drug), steer clear
of apefruit juice because it can render the drug
ineffective
an invasive procedure involving cleaning and removing stomach contents
charcoal lavage
How does charcoal lavage
neutralize chemical poisoning or ingestion?
Activated charcoal adsorbs ingested toxins
within the gastrointestinal tract preventing the
systemic absorption of that toxin
Why is salicylic acid potential for skin
treatment?
Salicylic acid belongs to a class of drugs
known as salicylates. When applied to the skin,
salicylic acid may work by helping the skin to
shed dead cells from the top layer and by
decreasing redness and swelling (inflammation).
Salicylic acid belongs to a class of drugs
known as ____________. When applied to the skin,
salicylic acid may work by helping the skin to
shed dead cells from the top layer and by
decreasing redness and swelling (inflammation).
salicylates
