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biochem > ACIDS, BASES, BUFFERS AND pH > Flashcards

ACIDS, BASES, BUFFERS AND pH Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

The electrons in an atom are located at same energy
levels.

A

FALSE, different energy levels

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2
Q

what do we call the electrons in the highest energy

A

valence electron

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3
Q

what governs an atom’s bonding
behavior?

A

number of valence electron

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4
Q

what are the two ways in which stability can be achieved?

A
  • ionic bond
  • covalent bond
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5
Q

By moving electrons, the two atoms become linked. This is
known as _____________

A

chemical bonding

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6
Q

Atoms are much more stable, or less reactive, with a ____________

A

full valence shell

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7
Q

an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons,
making them negatively or positively charged.

A

Ion

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8
Q

What are positively charged ions (+) called?

A

cation

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9
Q

What are negatively charged ions (-) called?

A

anion

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10
Q

Ionic compounds are made of ____________

A

oppositely charged ions

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11
Q

what bond makes solid crystals

A

ionic

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12
Q

any ionic compound that releases hydrogen ion in a solution

A

acid

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13
Q

any ionic compound that releases hydroxide ions in the solution

A

base

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14
Q

true or false.

Water cannot form acids and bases

A

false

Water can form acids and bases

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15
Q

does neutral water have an equal amount of H+ and OH-?

A

yes

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16
Q

what do you call when there is an excess of H+ in an aqueous solution

A

acid

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17
Q

what do you call when there is an excess of OH- in an aqueous solution

A

base

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18
Q

Acidity of a solution is measured
by the ________________________

A

concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+)

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19
Q

Weak acids have a _____ taste.

A

sour

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20
Q

add acid to water or water to acid?

A

acid to water

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

weak acids completely dissociate in water

A

False

weak acids DO NOT completely dissociate in water

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22
Q

Bases are also called _________ substances.

A

alkaline

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23
Q

give some general properties of bases

A

bitter taste, slimy or soapy feel on fingers

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

pH balance is important to
homeostasis of organisms.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

urine is slightly basic

A

FALSE.

slightly acidic

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26
Q

Compounds that dissociate in water and
produce cations other than H+ and
anions other than OH- are called what?

A

salts

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27
Q

the most familiar salt

A

sodium chloride

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28
Q

the principal component of the common table salt

A

sodium chloride

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29
Q

Certain salts, called ________, can
combine with excess hydrogen (H+) or
hydroxide (OH-) ions.

A

buffers

30
Q

produces substances that are less acidic or less alkaline

A

buffers

31
Q

Acts like a chemical sponge to soak
up excess acid or base, keep pH
constant.

A

buffers

32
Q

can buffers be used up?

A

yes

33
Q

__________ are buffers made of the salt calcium carbonate (CaCo3)

A

antacids

34
Q

measures how acidic/basic water is

A

pH

35
Q

pH of less than 7 indicate _______, whereas a pH of
greater than 7 indicates a _______.

A

acidity, base

36
Q

compounds or mixtures of compounds
that by their presence in the solution resist changes
in the pH upon the addition of small quantities of
acid or alkali.

A

Buffers

37
Q

It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid
or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution
relatively stable.

A

buffers

38
Q

This is important for processes and/or reactions
which require specific and stable pH ranges

A

buffer

39
Q

calculation formulas

A
  1. pH=−log[H3O+]
  2. pOH=−log[OH−]
  3. [H3O+]=10−pH.
  4. [OH−]=10−pOH.
40
Q

What is the biochemical
relevance of pH?

A

pH is biologically important
because it affects the structure
and activity of macromolecules.
pH is important in homeostatic
processes.

41
Q

Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4
-) is a weak acid or weak base?

A

weak acid

42
Q

Dihydrogen Phosphate is a weak acid or weak base?

A

weak acid

43
Q

Monohydrogen Phosphate
(HPO4
-2) is a weak acid or weak base?

A

weak base

44
Q

what are the two forms of phosphate found
in the blood

A

o Dihydrogen Phosphate
(H2PO4
-)
o Monohydrogen Phosphate
(HPO4
-2)

45
Q

where can protein buffer systems be found?

A

blood; both in the plasma and erythrocytes

46
Q

TRUE OR FLASE.

plasma proteins has about 6x more buffering capacity than hemoglobin

A

FALSE
hemoglobin has about 6x more buffering capacity than plasma protein

47
Q

Used for calculating the pH of buffer solutions.

A

THE HENDERSON – HASSELBACK EQUATION

48
Q

When an acid (HA ) is added to water – it has the tendency to _____ its proton.

A

lose

49
Q

The tendency of the acid (HA) to lose its proton and form its
conjugate base (A-) is defined by the _____________________.

A

equilibrium constant K

50
Q

Why should a person with stomach
acid disorder avoid drinking coffee,
soda and alcohol?

A

Acid reflux causes a burning sensation in
the throat and chest. Drinking water, low fat
milk, and herbal teas may help manage it.
Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and sodas may
worsen symptoms. Acid reflux, or heartburn,
occurs when stomach acid flows back up into a
person’s esophagus.

51
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a
condition in which stomach acid repeatedly
flows back up into the tube connecting the
mouth and stomach, called the esophagus. It’s
often called GERD for short. This backwash is
known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the
lining of the esophagus.

52
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a
condition in which stomach acid repeatedly
flows back up into the tube connecting the
mouth and stomach, called the ________. It’s
often called GERD for short. This backwash is
known as _________, and it can irritate the
lining of the __________.

A

esophagus, acid reflux, esophagus

53
Q

What are stomach ulcers?

A

A stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer is
an open sore in your stomach lining. It
happens when stomach acid erodes through
the mucosa.

54
Q

enumerate atleast 5 symptoms of stomach ulcers

A
  • pain
  • retching
  • vomiting
  • apetite changes
  • nausea
  • weight loss
  • bloating
  • dark blood in stool
55
Q

this type of enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

56
Q

this type of enzyme digests proteins found in ingested food

A

pepsin

57
Q

this type of enzyme breaks down complex lactose sugars into simpler sugars such as glucose and galactose

A

lactase

58
Q

this type of enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose or cane sugar to the simpler sugar glucose and fructose

A

sucrase

59
Q

this type of enzyme is involved in the breakdown of maltose, a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules

A

maltase

60
Q

this type of enzyme breaks down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines

A

lipase

61
Q

a normal slightly acidic vaginal pH of _____ to ______ creates a natural barrier to bacterial & yeast infections

A

3.8 - 4.5

62
Q

a normal alkaline vaginal pH of _____ to _____ encourage sperm viability and motility

A

7.0 - 8.5

63
Q

When douching with vinegar or
antiseptics, you can actually cause ____________ to the vaginal microbiome.
Douching also washes away the ________________, leaving the door open
for disruptive bacteria or yeast to grow.

A

chemical damage, good lactobacillus bacteria

64
Q

How does ascorbic acid help the immune
system?

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) stimulates
neutrophil migration to the site of infection,
enhances phagocytosis and oxidant
generation, and microbial killing.

65
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) stimulates
________ migration to the site of infection,
enhances phagocytosis and oxidant
generation, and microbial killing.

A

neutrophil

66
Q

What is the pH of normal saline solution? What
is its significance in the hospital setting?

A

Saline is acidic, with a pH of 5.5 (due
mainly to dissolved carbon dioxide).

67
Q

used in the management and treatment of
dehydration (e.g., hypovolemia, shock),
metabolic alkalosis in the presence of fluid
loss, and mild sodium depletion.

A

normal saline solution

68
Q

Why are citrus foods contraindicated in
patients taking antihypertensives?

A

If you’re taking a calcium channel blocker
(another type of hypertension drug), steer clear
of apefruit juice because it can render the drug
ineffective

69
Q

an invasive procedure involving cleaning and removing stomach contents

A

charcoal lavage

70
Q

How does charcoal lavage
neutralize chemical poisoning or ingestion?

A

Activated charcoal adsorbs ingested toxins
within the gastrointestinal tract preventing the
systemic absorption of that toxin

71
Q

Why is salicylic acid potential for skin
treatment?

A

Salicylic acid belongs to a class of drugs
known as salicylates. When applied to the skin,
salicylic acid may work by helping the skin to
shed dead cells from the top layer and by
decreasing redness and swelling (inflammation).

72
Q

Salicylic acid belongs to a class of drugs
known as ____________. When applied to the skin,
salicylic acid may work by helping the skin to
shed dead cells from the top layer and by
decreasing redness and swelling (inflammation).

A

salicylates

biochem (8 decks)

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