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2.1.2 Biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what chemical elements are carbohydrates made up of?

A

C H O

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2
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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3
Q

how can sugars be classified?

A

reducing and non-reducing

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4
Q

how are reducing and non-reducing sugars classified?

A

it is dependant on their ability to share electrons (reducing sugars can donate electrons -the carbonyl group becomes oxidised- the sugars become the reducing agent)

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5
Q

nemonic for lose/ gain of electrons

A

OIL RIG

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6
Q

can non reducing sugars donate electrons?

A

no tf they cannot be oxidised

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7
Q

how are monosaccharides named?

A

number of carbons
eg 5 carbons—-> pentose

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8
Q

how are sugars identifiable?

A

-ose ending

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9
Q

what is the molecular formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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10
Q

what is the main function of glucose?

A

energy source (main substrate used in respiration, releasing energy for the production of ATP)

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11
Q

what is an isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different atom arrangement in space (tf diff properties)

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12
Q

what are the two isomers of glucose?

A

alpha (α) glucose and beta (β) glucose

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13
Q

what does structural variety in carbohydrates result in?

A

different functions between carbohydrates

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14
Q

what does glucose form when in aqueous solutions?

A

a ring structure

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15
Q

where is the hydroxyl on C1 in beta (β) glucose?

A

think drawing (β)
above

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16
Q

where is the hydroxyl on C1 in alpha (α) glucose?

A

below

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17
Q

is starch made of alpha (α) glucose or beta (β) glucose?

A

alpha (α) glucose

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18
Q

is glycogen made of alpha (α) glucose or beta (β) glucose?

A

alpha (α) glucose

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19
Q

is cellulose made of alpha (α) glucose or beta (β) glucose?

A

beta (β) glucose

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20
Q

what polysaccharides are formed from the different isomers of glucose?

A

strach, glycogen, cellulose

21
Q

what are sugars containing 5 carbons called?

A

pentose sugars

22
Q

what are two important examples of pentose sugars?

A

ribose and deoxyribose

23
Q

where is ribose found?

A

the nucleotides that make up RNA

24
Q

where is deoxyribose found?

A

the nucleotides that make up DNA

25
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

deoxyribose has lost 1 oxygen on C2

26
Q

when are polysaccharides and disaccharides formed?

A

when two hydroxyl groups (-OH) on diff monosaccharides interact to form a strong covalent bond (glycosidic bond)

27
Q

how are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

through condensation reactions

28
Q

what is the result of a glycosidic bond being formed?

A

-either a polysaccharide or disaccharide
-1 water molecule being removed

29
Q

α glucose + α glucose–>

A

maltose

30
Q

α glucose + β galactose–>

A

lactose

31
Q

α glucose + fructose–>

A

sucrose

32
Q

β glucose + β glucose–>

A

cellobiose

33
Q

what are the features of monosaccharides?

A

-the simplest carbohydrates
-sweet-tasting
-soluble
-full of C-H bonds for energy storage

34
Q

what do tri/tetr-oses exist as?

A

chains

35
Q

what do pent/hex-oses exist as?

A

rings

36
Q

what is the colour change when using Benedict’s?

A

blue green yellow organge-red

37
Q

reducing sugars reduce Cu2+—>

A

Cu+ (forming copper (I) oxide precipitate

38
Q

can non-reducing sugars be tested with Benedict’s?

A

no, the glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to free the reducing groups

39
Q

what is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

-boil with HCl (to break into monosaccharides)
-cool and add NaHCO3 (to neutralise)
-test with Benedict’s, like reducing

40
Q

as there are many different monosaccharides…

A

there are many different types of glycosidic bonds

41
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does maltose have?

A

α 1,4
(disaccharide)

42
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does sucrose have?

A

α 1,2
(disaccharide)

43
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does cellulose have?

A

β 1,4
(polysaccharide)

44
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does amylose have?

A

α 1,4
(polysaccharide)

45
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does amylopectin have?

A

α 1,4 and 1,6
(polysaccharide)

46
Q

what is each glycosidic bond catalysed by?

A

by enzymes specific to which OH groups are interacting

47
Q

what examples of polysaccharides am I expected to know

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

48
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

macromolecules, made up of lots of monomers joined by glycosidic bonds, formed by condensation reactions

2.1.2 Biological molecules (6 decks)

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