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2.1.2 Biological molecules > Carbohydrate polysaccharides > Flashcards

Carbohydrate polysaccharides Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what polysaccharides am I expected to know?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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2
Q

is starch plant or animal based?

A

plant based energy storage molecule

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3
Q

what is starch made up of?

A

two types of α glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin

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4
Q

what glycosidic bonds does amylose have?

A

α 1,4

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5
Q

is amylose branched or unbranched?

A

unbranched

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6
Q

what shape is amylose?

A

helix shape

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7
Q

what is the effect of amylose’s shape?

A

the helix shape enables it to be more compact and thus it is more resistant to digestion

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8
Q

what bonds does amylopectin have?

A

α 1,4 and 1,6

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9
Q

is amylopectin branched or unbranched?

A

branched

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10
Q

what are 4 properties of starch?

A

-insoluble
-compact granule
-branching
-large molecule

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11
Q

what is the effect of starch’s insolubility on its function?

A

no effect on water potential

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12
Q

what is the effect of starch’s compactness?

A

takes up little space

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13
Q

what is the effect of starch’s branching?

A

there are multiple sites for rapid hydrolysis

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14
Q

what is the effect of starch’s size?

A

it is a large molecule therefore there are many glucose molecules for respiration

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15
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide in plants?

A

starch

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16
Q

which constituent molecules of starch is hydrolysed faster?

A

amylopectin (has more branches tf more terminal glucose molecules free to hydrolyse)

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17
Q

how is starch stored?

A

in granules in plastids (such as amyloplasts or chloroplasts)

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18
Q

is glycogen animal or plant based?

A

animal-based (and fungi)
-main energy storage polysaccharide

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19
Q

what glucose monomer is glycogen made of?

A

α glucose

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20
Q

what glycosidic bonds does glycogen have?

A

α 1,4 and 1,6 tf a branched molecule

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21
Q

is glycogen branched or unbranched?

A

branched (not coiled)

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22
Q

how are amylopectin and glycogen similar and different?

A

similarities
-both have α 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
-both branched
differences
-glycogen has more branches (tf more terminal glucose molecules)

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23
Q

what are the 4 properties of glycogen?

A

same as starch
-insoluble
-compact granule
-branching
-large molecule

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24
Q

what is the effect of glycogen’s insolubility on its function?

A

no effect on water potential

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25
Q

what is the effect of glycogen’s compactness?

A

takes up little space

26
Q

what is the effect of glycogen’s many branches?

A

multiple sites for rapid hydrolysis

27
Q

what is the effect of glycogen’s size?

A

it is a large molecule tf there are many glucose molecules for respiration

28
Q

is cellulose animal or plant based?

A

used in plant cell walls

29
Q

what glucose monomer is cellulose made up of?

A

β glucose

29
Q

what shape is cellulose?

A

long chains of β glucose (β pleated sheet)

29
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

straight, unbranched chains run parallel to each other due to β glucose inverting alternately, allowing hydrogen bonds to form between the chains

30
Q

what glycosidic bonds does cellulose have?

A

β 1,4

30
Q

what must be done for glycosidic bonds to form in cellulose?

A

in order to form the β 1,4 glycosidic bond, consecutive β glucose molecules must be rotated 180° to each other

30
Q

where is cellulose used?

A

in plant cell wall

31
Q

which part of the structure in cellulose allows hydrogen bonds to form?

A

straight unbranched chains run parallel to one another due to β-glucose inverting alternately

31
Q

what glycosidic bonds does cellulose have??

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

32
Q

what do hydrogen bonds provide in cellulose?

A

they provide strength as they produce microfibrils of 60-70 chains

32
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

straight, unbranched chains run parallel to another due to β-glucose inverting alternately (this allows hydrogen bonds to form) (β-pleated sheet)

33
Q

is cellulose soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble (so it doesn’t affect water potential) but permeable to solutes

33
Q

how do hydrogen bonds provide strength in cellulose?

A

as they produce microfibrils of 60-70 chains (strengthens them and prevents them from spiralling

34
Q
A
34
Q

is cellulose soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble so it doesn’t affect water potential (but permeable to solutes)

35
Q

how do hydrogen bonds provide strength?

A

as they produce microfibrils of 60-70 chains

35
Q

what gives extra strength in cellulose?

A

microfibrils run in different directions

36
Q

is cellulose soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble so it doesn’t affect water potential, but permeable to solutes

36
Q

why are the chains straight in cellulose?

A

due to the hydroxyl and hydrogen bonds being inverted on carbon 1 of β-glucose (this results in the rotation of successive β-glucose molecules by 180 for glycosidic bond formation between them

37
Q

what gives extra strength in cellulose?

A

microfibrils run in different directions for extra strength

37
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine in potassium iodine solution

38
Q

what glycosidic bonds does cellulose have?

A

1,4

38
Q

what is the colour change when starch is tested?

A

yellow brown–> blue black

39
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine in potassium iodine solution

39
Q

what is the procedure for testing starch?

A
  • a sample is placed into a test tube at room temp
  • couple of drops of iodine are added and stirred
    -colour change
    iodine I2 forms triiodide ions (I3-), which enter amylose chains
40
Q

what is the colour change for starch?

A

orange-yellow —> blue/black if starch is present

41
Q

how do you test for starch?

A

-at room temperature, a sample is placed into a set tube
-add a few drops of iodine
-stir

42
Q
A
43
Q

what qualities make starch and glycogen good storage polysaccharides?

A

-compact
-insoluble

44
Q

explain the qualities which make starch and glycogen good storage molecules

A

-compact
large quantities can be stored
-insoluble
have no osmotic effect (unlike glucose which lowers the water potential of a cell causing water to move into the cells)

45
Q

what are plastids?

A

membrane bound organelles that can be found in plant cells with specialised function

46
Q

which cells have a high conc of glycogen?

A

liver and muscle cells (present as visible granules) - as cellular respiration is high in these cells

47
Q

what is a microfibril?

A

60-70 cellulose molecules

48
Q

is the test for starch qualitative or quantitative?

A

qualitative- only identifies presence not concentration

49
Q

is the test for reducing and non-reducing sugars quantitative or qualitative?

A

qualitative- (semi quantitative- colour change gives indication of conc)

2.1.2 Biological molecules (6 decks)

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