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NUTR3210 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Which two types of sugars are considered “simple”

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
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2
Q

Which two types of sugars are considered complex sugars?

A
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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3
Q

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a(n) ________ bond

A

acetyl (glycosidic)

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4
Q

What is the ratio of H:O in CHOs

A

2:1

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5
Q

Which monosaccharide is nutritionally the most important? Trioses, Pentoses or Hexoses

A

Hexoses

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6
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

a carbon with four different groups attached to it

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7
Q

What is the difference between D and L sugars

A

D - last OH is on the right side of the chain
L - last OH is on the left side of the chain

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8
Q

Are D or L sugars more nutritionally important? Why?

A

D because digestive enzymes are stereospecific for D sugars

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9
Q

Which of the three common disaccharides is/are reducing sugars? (sucrose, lactose and maltose)

A
  • lactose
  • maltose
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10
Q

Which of the three common disaccharides is/are non-reducing sugars? (sucrose, lactose and maltose)

A

sucrose

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11
Q

what is the minimum amount of monosaccharides required to be considered a polysaccharide

A

6

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12
Q

are hetero or homopolysaccharides more abundant in food?

A

homopolysaccharides

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13
Q

What are three types of insoluble dietary fibres?

A

1.Cellulose
2.Hemicellulose
3.Lignin

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14
Q

What are three types of soluble dietary fibres

A
  1. Pectin
  2. Gums
  3. Mucilages
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15
Q

This dietary fibre has B-1,4 glucose units

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

This dietary fibre has a mixture of a and b glycosidic linkages

A

hemicellulose

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17
Q

this dietary fibre has a-1,4-linked-D galacturonic acid backbone

A

Pectin

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18
Q

What is the function of insoluble fibre?

A
  • decreases constipation
    • stimulates muscle contraction to break down waste
    • decreases risk of bacterial infections
19
Q

What is the function of soluble fibre?

A
  • increase satiety
    • delays gastric emptying
    • slows nutrient uptake
20
Q

What types of bonds does salivary a-amylase break down? What is resistant?

A
  • breaks down a-1,4-glycosidic bonds
  • cellulose, lactose, and a-1,6-bonds are resistant
21
Q

what does isomaltase do?

A

breaks a-1,6 glycosidic bonds that are resistant to stomach and salivary digestion. (into 2 glucose)

22
Q

What are most monosaccharides taken up by?

A

enterocytes

23
Q

What types of sugars enter the blood by basolateral GLUT2?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

24
Q

What are the three fates that glucose has in a cell?

A
  1. enter glycogenesis for energy storage
  2. enter glycolysis for energy production
  3. enter hexose monophosphate shunt to generate precursors for biogenesis
25
Q

What is the function of the Glycogen Synthase enzyme?

A
  • converts glucose 1-phosphate to glycogen
26
Q

what is the function of the glucokinase enzyme in the liver?

A
  • convert blood glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
27
Q

what is the function of the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme?

A
  • break down glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate by breaking a-1,4-glycosidic bonds
28
Q

What is the function of the hexokinase enzyme?

A
  • Converts blood glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in muscle
29
Q

What is the function of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme?

A
  • convert glucose 6-phosphate to blood glucose in the liver
30
Q

what does glucagon stimulate??

A

glycogen breakdown

31
Q

what does insulin do?

A
  • stimulates glycogen formation
  • stimulates glucose uptake from food into tissue cells
32
Q

What does low blood sugar stimulate?

A

glucagon release

33
Q

what does high blood sugar stimulate?

A

insulin release

34
Q

what is the net energy yield from one glucose in glycolysis

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 ATP
    (8 ATP)
35
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A
  • occurs under anaerobic conditions in muscle leading to the production of lactate
  • lactate gets transported back to the liver and converted to pyruvate
  • gluconeogenesis allows for conversion of pyruvate back to glucose
  • not sustainable because 6 ATP is required for 2 molecules of lactate to form glucose
36
Q

What does the hexose monophosphate shunt do>

A

generation of NADPH and precursors for nucleotide synthesis

37
Q

What vitamins are used as cofactors in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A
  • thiamine
  • niacin
  • riboflavin
  • pantothenic acid
38
Q

How much ATP is generated from 1 NADH

A

3

39
Q

How much ATP is generated from 1 FADH2

A

2

40
Q

How much ATP is generated from one GTP

A

1

41
Q

What is the energy yield from one acetyl-coA in the Kreb’s cycle

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 GTP
    (12 ATP)
42
Q

What is the energy yield from pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

1 NADH

43
Q

What is the ATP yield from the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose?

A
  • 38 ATP
  • Glycolysis = 2 NADH (6 ATP) + 2 ATP
  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase = 1 NADH (3 ATP)
  • Kreb’s cycle = 3 NADH (6 ATP), 1 FADH2 (2 ATP), 1 GTP (1 ATP) x 2 because 2 acetyl coA
44
Q
A

NUTR3210 (13 decks)

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