Carbohydrates

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

Smaller units which can create larger molecules

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Made of lots of monomers bonded together

Question 3

Condensation reaction

Answer 3

joining two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing water

Question 4

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 4

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of water

Question 5

Monosaccharides

Answer 5

single sugar monomer e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

is a monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule + main substrate for respiration

Question 7

Dissaccharides

Answer 7

made of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond

Question 8

what is maltose made of ?

Answer 8

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

Question 9

what is sucrose made of ?

Answer 9

alpha glucose + fructose

Question 10

what is lactose made of ?

Answer 10

beta glucose + galactose

Question 11

Polysaccharides

Answer 11

many monosaccarides libked by glycosidic bonds fromed during condensation reactions

Question 12

Glycosidic bonding

Answer 12

when a polymer is formed a monomer a condensation reaction occurs forms a glyosidic bond

Question 13

what are the isomers of glucose ?

Answer 13

alpha glucose and beta glucose

Question 14

alpha glucose

Answer 14

H on top

Question 15

beta glucose

Answer 15

OH on top

Question 16

what is starch made of ?

Answer 16

alpha glucose

Question 17

what is starch made up of ?

Answer 17

a mixture of two polysaccharides, polymers of a - glucose

Question 18

Name the two types of polymers in starch

Answer 18

amylose and amylopectin

Question 19

What is the structure of starch ( amylose) ?

Answer 19

• an unbranched chain of alpha glucose residues
• 1- 4 links coiled structure

Question 20

what is the structure of starch ( amylopectin ) ?

Answer 20

• branched chain of alpha glucose residues
• 1-4 links and 1-6 links branches

Question 21

what are the properties of starch ?

Answer 21

• insoluble - so no osmotic effect so water does not enter cells by osmosis which would make them swell so good for storage
• large so cannot diffuse out the cell
• branched so larger surface area for faster hydrolysis into glucose
• amylose is spiral shaped so compact so good for storage because you can fit more glucose molecules in
• amylopectin - allows the easy hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds so glucose released quickly

Question 22

what is glycogen made up of ?

Answer 22

alpha glucose

Question 23

structure of glycogen

Answer 23

more 1,6 glycosidic bonds so more branched structure

Question 24

properties of glycogen

Answer 24

• not affect osmotic balance of cells
• easy to add/remove extra glucose molecules to starch
• stored in livers & muscles
  -made by animals & fungi
• readily hydrolysed due to large surface area

Question 25

what is cellulose made up of ?

Answer 25

beta glucose

Question 26

structure of cellulose

Answer 26

• forms of structure of cell wall
• beta - glucose arranged in a straight chain ( each alternative beta - glucose is rotated 180 degrees ) = cellulose straight chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
• strong material ( prevents plant cell from bursting or shrinking )

Question 27

properties of cellulose

Answer 27

• insoluble
• permeable to water, strong and lightweight