Carbohydrates Flashcards
What does -ose mean?
“full of”
What does the suffix -ose indicate?
It’s a sugar
How are carbohydrates divided into groups?
by the number of sugars
What are the 3 carbohydrate groups?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysoccharides
What kinds of carbs are in pasta and potatoes?
long starch molecules (polysaccharides)
What atoms do all carbohydrates consist of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
How can you identify a carb just by looking at its chemical formula?
It has twice as many hydrogens as oxygens
What is dehydration synthesis?
The process of combining two molecules and getting a byproduct of water
Example of dehydration synthesis
C6H1206 + C6H1206 = C12H22011 + H20 (glucose + fructose = sucrose + water)
What are monosaccharides?
1 sugar / simple sugars
What does the prefix mono- mean?
one
What is one of the main sources of energy for consumers?
carbs
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
What are all sugars broken down to?
Glucose
What is blood sugar?
glucose
What 3 isomers have the same chemical formula of C6H1206?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
What are isomers?
molecules with the same chemical formula that are arranged differently
What molecules are found in milk?
galactose and lactose
What monosaccharide is found in most fruits?
fructose
What does the prefix dext- mean?
right
What is dextrose and what does it do?
dextrose = glucose, rotates to the right
What does the prefix levu- mean?
left
What is levulose and what does it do?
levulose = fructose, rotates to the left
What does the prefix di- mean?
2
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides / double sugar
What is the most common disaccharide?
Table sugar- sucrose
Where is sucrose found?
sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets
What is another examples of a disaccharide?
Lactose
What two monosaccharides are in lactose?
galactose and glucose
What two monosaccharides are in sucrose?
glucose and fructose
What percent of the world’s population CAN digest lactose?
25%
What does the prefix poly- mean?
many
What are polysaccharides?
complex sugars/carbs, starches
Examples of polysaccharides
cellulose, chitin, and starch
Purpose(s) of cellulose
- gives plants support/ makes up cell wall in plant cells
- paper is made up of cellulose
Purpose(s) of chitin
- hard-covering in insects
- make up cell wall in fungi cells
What do insects taste like?
p e a n u t s
What do PLANTS store for excess energy?
starch
Potatoes and grains are major sources of what?
Starch
How long does it take for starch to break down into glucose?
a hot minute
What do ANIMALS store for excess energy?
glucose
What do animals store glucose as?
glycogen
Where do animals store glycogen in their bodies?
liver and muscles
What happens to glycogen and starch when it sits too long?
it turns into fat
What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth and why?
Cellulose- plants
What is cellulose?
a fiber
Can most living things break down fiber/cellulose?
No- only fungi and some bacteria
What kind of animals CAN digest cellulose/ get nutrition from fiber?
Herbivores- they have bacteria in stomach to digest fibers
Food groups with carbs
fruit, vegetables, grains, and potatoes (yes- potatoes are apparently a separate food group)
How do mono- & di- saccharides react in water?
- dissolve easily
What are polar molecules?
molecules with that are positive and negative
What is positive and what is negative?
Hydrogen- positive
oxygen- negative
What does the suffix -philia mean?
“to love or like”
What does hydrophilic mean?
water loving/ attracted to water
What does the suffix -phobia mean?
“to fear or hate”
Example of hydrophobic compounds
lipids aka fats and steroids
What are hydrophobic compounds?
Compounds that won’t dissolve in water (nonpolar molecules)
What are hydrophilic compounds?
compounds that will dissolve in water (polar molecules)
