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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

SIMPLIEST CARBOHYDRATE

A

GLYCOL ALDEHYDE

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2
Q

IT MAKES GLUCOSE AN ACTIVE REDUCING SUBSTANCE

A

DOUBLE BOND AND NEGATIVE CHARGE IN ENOLASE

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3
Q

MOST COMMON REDUCING SUGAR

A

SUCROSE

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4
Q

IS THE ONLY CARBOHYDRATE THAT IS DIRECTLY USED FOR ENERGY OR GLYCOGEN

A

GLUCOSE

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5
Q

2/3 OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN RESTING ADULTS OCCURS IN

A

CNS

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS AS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND

A

PANCREAS

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7
Q

PRIMARY ENTRY OF GLUCOSE IN CELL

B-CELLS

RELEASED WHEN HIGH GLUCOSE

HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT

A

INSULIN

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8
Q

PROMOTES

  • GLYCOGENESIS
  • LIPOGENESIS
  • GLYCOLYSIS

DECREASE
- GLYCOGENOLYSIS

A

INSULIN

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9
Q

HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENT

A-CELLS

RELEASED DURING STRESS OR FASTING

A

GLUCAGON

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10
Q

ENHANCES CATABOLIC FUNCTIONS DURING FASTING

PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS

A

GLUCAGON

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11
Q

SECRETED BY: ZONA FASCICULATA AND ZONA RETICULARIS

DECREASE: INTESTINAL ENTRY OF GLUCOSE

A

CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTEROIDS

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12
Q

CHROMAFFIN CELLS

INHIBITS INSULIN SECRETION

A

CATECHOLAMINES

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13
Q

DECREASES ENTRY OF GLUCOSE INTO CELL

A

GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPHIC)

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14
Q

PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE

A

THYROID HORMONES

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15
Q

STIMULATES RELEASE OF CORTISOL

PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS

A

ACTH

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16
Q

DELTA CELLS

INHIBITS INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

A

SOMATOSTATIN

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17
Q

INCREASE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

FBS: >126 MG/DL

A

HYPERGLYCEMIA

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18
Q

LAB FINDINGS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA

A

INC: GLUCOSE IN PLASMA AND URINE, URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

KETONES IN SERUM AND URINE

DEC: BLOOD AND URINE PH

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

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19
Q

IMBALANCE OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION

A

HYPOGLYCEMIA

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20
Q

OBSERVABLE SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

50-55MG/DL

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21
Q

DIAGNOSTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA VALUE

A

<50 MG/DL

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22
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIC CHALLENGE TEST

A

5 HOUR GTT

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23
Q

DEFECT IN INSULIN SECRETION AND RECEPTOR

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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24
Q

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE FOR FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE FOR DM

A

> 126 MG/DL

25
Q

PLASMA GLUCOSE VALUE FOR GLUCOSURIA WITH NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION

A

> 18.3 MG/DL

26
Q

EXCESSIVE SYSNTHESIS OF ACETYL-COA

ENERGY FROM STORED FAT

SEVERE UNCONTROLLED DIABETES

A

KETOSIS

27
Q

RATIO OF B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE AND ACETOACETATE

A

6:1

28
Q

LAB DIAGNOSIS FOR DM

A

HYPERTENSION
INC TAG
DEC HDL
IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

29
Q

INSULIN DEPENDENT/JUVENILE/BRITTLE/KETOSIS

MICROVASCULAR DISORDERS

A

TYPE 1

30
Q

AT RISK FOR TYPE 1 DM

A

HIGH TITER OF MULTIPLE AUTOANTIBODIES

31
Q

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY VALUE

A

30-300MG/24 HOURS

32
Q

NO KNOWN ETIOLOGY

INHERITED

NO B-CELL AUTOANTIBODIES

EPISODIC INSULIN REPLACEMENT

A

IDIOPATHIC TYPE 1 DM

33
Q

NON INSULIN DEPENDENT/ ADULT/ STABLE/ KETOSIS RESISTANT/ RECEPTOR DEFICIENT DM

A

TYPE 2 DM

34
Q

RESISTANT TO INSULIN ADN RELATIVE INSULIN DEFICIENCY

A

TYPE 2 DM

35
Q

GENETIC’S NIGHTMARE

A

TYPE 2 DM

36
Q

DEVELOP MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR

A

TYPE 2 DM

37
Q

UNTREATED TYPE 2 DM WILL RESULT TO

A

NON KETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR COMA

38
Q

OVER PRODUCTION OF GLUCOSE, SEVERE DEHYDRATION, ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, INCREASED BUN AND CREATININE

A

NONKETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR COMA

39
Q

C PEPTIDE LEVELS ARE UNDETECTABLE

A

TYPE 1 DM

40
Q

DRUG INDUCERS FOR B-CELL DYSFUNCTION

A

DILANTIN AND PENTAMIDINE

41
Q

IMPAIRS INSULIN ACTION

A

THIAZIDES AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS

42
Q

IMPAIRED ABILITY TO METABOLIZE CARBOHYDRATE CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF INSULIN, METABOLIC OR HORMONAL CHANGES

A

GDM

43
Q

SCREENING TEST DONE FOR GDM

A

24 AND 28 WEEKS OF GESTATION

44
Q

CHALLENGE SCREENING TEST FOR GDM

A

1 HOUR - 50g

45
Q

FULL DIAGNOSTIC GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST CONCENTRATION FOR GDM

A

140 MG/DL

46
Q

DIAGNOSTIC GLUCOSE CHALLENGE TEST FOR GDM

A

3 HOUR- 100g

47
Q

OGTT RESULTS

A

FBS - >95
1 HOUR >180
2 HOUR >155
3 HOUR >140

48
Q

RISK OF INFANTS WHEN THEIR MOTHER HAS GDM

A

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
HYPOCALCEMIA
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
MACROSURIA

49
Q

AFTER GIVING BIRTH GDM WOMEN SHOULD BE EVALUATED AT

A

6 TO 12 WEEKS POSTPARTUM

50
Q

FBS BETWEEN NORMAL AND DIABETIC

A

IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE

51
Q

FBS < REQUIRED DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES BUT OGTT IS BETWEEN NORMAL AND DIABETIC VALUES

A

IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

52
Q

WHOLE BLOOD IS __ THAN SERUM OR PLASMA

A

15% LOWER

53
Q

VENOUS BLOOD GLUCOSE IS ___ THAN CAPILLARY

A

7 MG/DL LOWER

54
Q

CSF GLUCOSE SHOULD BE ___ OF PLASMA CONCENTRATION

A

60%

55
Q

SAME GLUCOSE VALUE WITH PERITONEAL FLUID

A

PLASMA GLUCOSE

56
Q

PLASMA GLUCOSE LEEL INCREASE WITH AGE

A

2 MG/DL/DECADE FASTING
4 MG/DL/DECADE POSTPRANDIAL
8 MG/DL/DECADE GLUCOSE CHALLENGE

57
Q

AT RT GLYCOLYSIS DECREASES GLUCOSE BY ___ IN UNCENTRIFUGED BLOOD

A

5-7%/HOUR

58
Q

AT REFRIGERATED, GLUCOSE IS METABOLIZED AT ___

A

1-2 MG/DL/HR

59
Q

IT METABOLIZES GLUCOSE RESULTING TO DECREASE VALUE IN CLOTTED UNCENTRIFUGED BLOOD

A

WBC AND RBC

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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