CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
SIMPLIEST CARBOHYDRATE
GLYCOL ALDEHYDE
IT MAKES GLUCOSE AN ACTIVE REDUCING SUBSTANCE
DOUBLE BOND AND NEGATIVE CHARGE IN ENOLASE
MOST COMMON REDUCING SUGAR
SUCROSE
IS THE ONLY CARBOHYDRATE THAT IS DIRECTLY USED FOR ENERGY OR GLYCOGEN
GLUCOSE
2/3 OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN RESTING ADULTS OCCURS IN
CNS
FUNCTIONS AS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND
PANCREAS
PRIMARY ENTRY OF GLUCOSE IN CELL
B-CELLS
RELEASED WHEN HIGH GLUCOSE
HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT
INSULIN
PROMOTES
- GLYCOGENESIS
- LIPOGENESIS
- GLYCOLYSIS
DECREASE
- GLYCOGENOLYSIS
INSULIN
HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENT
A-CELLS
RELEASED DURING STRESS OR FASTING
GLUCAGON
ENHANCES CATABOLIC FUNCTIONS DURING FASTING
PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLUCAGON
SECRETED BY: ZONA FASCICULATA AND ZONA RETICULARIS
DECREASE: INTESTINAL ENTRY OF GLUCOSE
CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTEROIDS
CHROMAFFIN CELLS
INHIBITS INSULIN SECRETION
CATECHOLAMINES
DECREASES ENTRY OF GLUCOSE INTO CELL
GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPHIC)
PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE
THYROID HORMONES
STIMULATES RELEASE OF CORTISOL
PROMOTES GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
ACTH
DELTA CELLS
INHIBITS INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
SOMATOSTATIN
INCREASE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
FBS: >126 MG/DL
HYPERGLYCEMIA
LAB FINDINGS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA
INC: GLUCOSE IN PLASMA AND URINE, URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
KETONES IN SERUM AND URINE
DEC: BLOOD AND URINE PH
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION
HYPOGLYCEMIA
OBSERVABLE SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
50-55MG/DL
DIAGNOSTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA VALUE
<50 MG/DL
HYPOGLYCEMIC CHALLENGE TEST
5 HOUR GTT
DEFECT IN INSULIN SECRETION AND RECEPTOR
DIABETES MELLITUS
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE FOR FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE FOR DM
> 126 MG/DL
PLASMA GLUCOSE VALUE FOR GLUCOSURIA WITH NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
> 18.3 MG/DL
EXCESSIVE SYSNTHESIS OF ACETYL-COA
ENERGY FROM STORED FAT
SEVERE UNCONTROLLED DIABETES
KETOSIS
RATIO OF B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE AND ACETOACETATE
6:1
LAB DIAGNOSIS FOR DM
HYPERTENSION
INC TAG
DEC HDL
IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
INSULIN DEPENDENT/JUVENILE/BRITTLE/KETOSIS
MICROVASCULAR DISORDERS
TYPE 1
AT RISK FOR TYPE 1 DM
HIGH TITER OF MULTIPLE AUTOANTIBODIES
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY VALUE
30-300MG/24 HOURS
NO KNOWN ETIOLOGY
INHERITED
NO B-CELL AUTOANTIBODIES
EPISODIC INSULIN REPLACEMENT
IDIOPATHIC TYPE 1 DM
NON INSULIN DEPENDENT/ ADULT/ STABLE/ KETOSIS RESISTANT/ RECEPTOR DEFICIENT DM
TYPE 2 DM
RESISTANT TO INSULIN ADN RELATIVE INSULIN DEFICIENCY
TYPE 2 DM
GENETIC’S NIGHTMARE
TYPE 2 DM
DEVELOP MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR
TYPE 2 DM
UNTREATED TYPE 2 DM WILL RESULT TO
NON KETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR COMA
OVER PRODUCTION OF GLUCOSE, SEVERE DEHYDRATION, ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, INCREASED BUN AND CREATININE
NONKETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR COMA
C PEPTIDE LEVELS ARE UNDETECTABLE
TYPE 1 DM
DRUG INDUCERS FOR B-CELL DYSFUNCTION
DILANTIN AND PENTAMIDINE
IMPAIRS INSULIN ACTION
THIAZIDES AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS
IMPAIRED ABILITY TO METABOLIZE CARBOHYDRATE CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF INSULIN, METABOLIC OR HORMONAL CHANGES
GDM
SCREENING TEST DONE FOR GDM
24 AND 28 WEEKS OF GESTATION
CHALLENGE SCREENING TEST FOR GDM
1 HOUR - 50g
FULL DIAGNOSTIC GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST CONCENTRATION FOR GDM
140 MG/DL
DIAGNOSTIC GLUCOSE CHALLENGE TEST FOR GDM
3 HOUR- 100g
OGTT RESULTS
FBS - >95
1 HOUR >180
2 HOUR >155
3 HOUR >140
RISK OF INFANTS WHEN THEIR MOTHER HAS GDM
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
HYPOCALCEMIA
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
MACROSURIA
AFTER GIVING BIRTH GDM WOMEN SHOULD BE EVALUATED AT
6 TO 12 WEEKS POSTPARTUM
FBS BETWEEN NORMAL AND DIABETIC
IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE
FBS < REQUIRED DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES BUT OGTT IS BETWEEN NORMAL AND DIABETIC VALUES
IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
WHOLE BLOOD IS __ THAN SERUM OR PLASMA
15% LOWER
VENOUS BLOOD GLUCOSE IS ___ THAN CAPILLARY
7 MG/DL LOWER
CSF GLUCOSE SHOULD BE ___ OF PLASMA CONCENTRATION
60%
SAME GLUCOSE VALUE WITH PERITONEAL FLUID
PLASMA GLUCOSE
PLASMA GLUCOSE LEEL INCREASE WITH AGE
2 MG/DL/DECADE FASTING
4 MG/DL/DECADE POSTPRANDIAL
8 MG/DL/DECADE GLUCOSE CHALLENGE
AT RT GLYCOLYSIS DECREASES GLUCOSE BY ___ IN UNCENTRIFUGED BLOOD
5-7%/HOUR
AT REFRIGERATED, GLUCOSE IS METABOLIZED AT ___
1-2 MG/DL/HR
IT METABOLIZES GLUCOSE RESULTING TO DECREASE VALUE IN CLOTTED UNCENTRIFUGED BLOOD
WBC AND RBC
