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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > ANALYTICAL METHODS > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

IT IS TRANSMITTED VIA ELECTRONIC WAVES BY FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

A

ENERGY

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2
Q

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND ENERGY

A

PLANCK’S FORMULA

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3
Q

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SUCCESSIVE PEAKS EXPRESSED IN NANOMETERS

A

WAVELENGTH

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4
Q

400-470NM

A

VISIBLE SPECTRUM

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5
Q

<400NM

A

UV LIGHT

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6
Q

> 700NM

A

INFRARED REGION

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7
Q

IT IS THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS OF WAVE MOTION PER SECOND

A

FREQUENCY

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8
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

A

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

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9
Q

MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT IN A NARROWER WAVELENGTH

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT

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10
Q

MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT WITHOUT WAVELENGTH

A

PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT

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11
Q

MEASURES LIGHT TRANSMITTED TO DETERMINE ITS CONCENTRATION

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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12
Q

EMITS RADIATION TAHT CHANGES IN INTENSITY

A

CONTIMUUM SOURCE

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13
Q

EMITS LIMITED RADIATION AND WAVELNGTH

A

LINE SOURCE

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14
Q

INTENSE BEAM LIGHT IS DIRECTED THROUGH

A

MONOCHROMATOR AND SAMPLE

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15
Q

COMMONLY USED LIGHT SOURCE IN VISIBLE AND IR

A

TUNGSTEN LIGHT BULB

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16
Q

IT GIVES ACCURATE ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENTS AND RESPOSNSE TO CHANGE IN LIGHT INTENSITY

A

LINEARITY

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17
Q

FACTORS FOR CHOOSING LIGHT SOURCE

A
  1. SPECTRUM
  2. STABILITY
  3. SOURCE
  4. RANGE
  5. TEMPERATURE
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18
Q

ALTERNATIVES FOR COLORIMETRY UV LIGHT

A

MERCURY ARC
DEUTERIUM LAMP
HYDROGEN LAMP
XENON LAMP

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19
Q

IT MINIMIZES UNWANTED STRAY LIGHT

A

ENTRANCE SLIT

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20
Q

IT IS A WAVELENGTH OUTSIDE THE BAND CAUSES ABSORBANCE ERROR

A

STARY LIGHT

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21
Q

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LOSS OF LINEARUTY AT HIGH ANALYTE CONCENTRATION

A

STRAY LIGHT

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22
Q

KINDS OF MONOCHROMATORS

A

PRISMS
DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
FILTER

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23
Q
  • GLASS, QUARTZ, SODIUM CHLORIDE
  • REFRACTED TO MORE DENSE GLASS
  • CAN BE ROTATED
A

PRISMS

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24
Q

MOST COMMONLY SED AND BETTER RESOLUTION THAN PRISM

A

DIFFRACTION GRATINGS

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25
Q

–CROWN GLASS

  • BENT TO SHARP CORNER
A

DIFFRACTION GRATINGS

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26
Q

FILTERS HAS SEMI TRANSPARENT SILVER FILMS SUCH AS

A

MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE

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27
Q

LIGHT BASED ON CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

A

FILTERS

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28
Q
  • REFLECTED
  • PASS A WIDE BAND OF RADIANT ENERGY
  • LOW TRANSMITTANCE
A

FILTERS

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29
Q

CONTROLS WIDTH OF LIGHT BEAM

ALLOWS ONLY NARROW FRACTION OF SPECTRUM

A

EXIT SLIT

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30
Q

THE SPECTRAL PURITY OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER IS REFLECTED BY

A

BANDPASS

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31
Q

REQUIRED BANDPASS FOR ACCURATE ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT

A

<1/5

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32
Q

TEH DEGREE OF WAVELENGTH ISOLATION DEPENDS ON

A

DEVICE
ENTRANCE SLIT
EXIT SLIT

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33
Q

THE RANGE PF WAVELENHTHS BETWEEN POINTS

1/2 PEAK TRANSMITTANCE

A

BANDPASS

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34
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED CUVETS

A

ALUMINA SILICA GLASS

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35
Q

CUVET FOR MEASUREMENT OF SOLUTION REQUIRES UV SPECTRUM

A

QUARTZ/PLASTIC

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36
Q

CUVETS TRANSMIT LIGHT AT >220NM

A

SILICA OR SOFT GLASS

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37
Q

SOLUTIONS THAT PRODUCES ETCHING

A

ALKALI SOLUTIONS

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38
Q

DETECTS AND CONVERTS TRANSMITTED LIGHT INTO PHOTOELECTRIC ENERGY

A

PHOTODETECTOR

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39
Q
  • SIMPLIEST, CHEAP, TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
  • SELENIUM PLATE WITH SILVER COVER
  • NO EXTERNAL VOLTAGE
A

BARRIER LAYER CELL/ PHOTO CELL/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

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40
Q

IT IS USED IN FILTER PHOTOMETERS WITH WIDE BANDPASS

A

BARRIER CELL/PHOTOCELL/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

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41
Q
  • CATHODE AND ANODE
  • GLASS CASE
  • PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIAL; GIVES OFF ELECTRONS
  • REQUIRES EXTERNAL VOLTAGE
A

PHOTOTUBE

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42
Q

MOST COMMON TYPE OF DETECTORS

A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

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43
Q
  • MEASURES VISIBLE AND UV REGIONS
  • EXCELLENT SENSITIVITY AND RAPID
  • DETECTS AND AMPLIFIES RADIANT ENERGY
A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

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44
Q

DISADVANTAGE OF PM TUBE

A

WILL BURN OUT AT ROOM LIGHT

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45
Q
  • EXCELLENT LINEARITY
  • MULTITUDE OF WAVELENGTHS
  • DETECTS LESS AMOUNT OF LIGHT
A

PHOTODIODE

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46
Q

DISPLAYS OUTPUT OF DETECTION SYSTEM

A

GALVANOMETER/AMMETER

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47
Q

IT STATES THAT CONCENTRATION OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ABSORBED LIGHT AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO TRANSMITTED LIGHT

A

BEER’S LAW

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48
Q

IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE INVERSE LOG OF TRANSMITTANCE

A

ABSORBANCE

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49
Q

IT IS THE RATIO OF RADIANT ENERGY TRANSMITTED OVER INCIDENT RADIANT ENERGY

A

PERCENT TRANSMITTANCE

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50
Q

INSTRUMENT THAT SPLITS LIGHT INTO 2 COMPONENTS

A

DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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51
Q

PASSAGE WAY OF BEAM ACCORDING TO DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A

THROUGH THE SAMPLE AND REFERENCE SOLUTION OR BLANK SOLUTION

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52
Q

WHAT DO ADDITIONAL BEAM CORRECTS

A

LIGHT SOURCE INTENSITY

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53
Q

TYPE OF SAMPLE BEAM
- USES 2 PHOTODETECTORS

  • FOR SAMPLE AND REFERENCE BEAM
A

DOUBLE BEAM IN SPACE

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54
Q

TYPE OF DOUBLE BEAM
- 1 PHOTODETECTOR

  • ALTERNATELY ON MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT THROUGH SAMPLE AND REFERENCE CUVET
  • CHOPPER
A

DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME

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55
Q

THE OBSERVED COLOR FROM LIGHT ABSORBED FROM SOLUTION

A

COMPLEMENTARY COLOR

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56
Q

THEY ARE GREATER IN BLUE REGION THAN IN RED REGION

A

TURBIDITY

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57
Q

USED TO CHECK WAVELENGTH ACCURACY

A

DIDYMIUM OR HOLMIUM OXIDE FILTER

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58
Q

VERIFY ABSORBANCE ACCURACY ON LINEARITY

A

NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTERS AND DICHROMATE SOLUTION

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59
Q

CONTAINS SERUM WITHOUT REAGENT

A

BLANKING TECHNIQUE

60
Q

CORRECTS ABSORBANCE CAUSED BY COLOR OF REAGENTS

A

REAGENT BLANK

61
Q

MEASURES ABSORBANCE OF SAMPLE IN THE REAGENT IN ABSENCE OF ENDPRODUCT

CORRECTS OPTICAL INTERFERENCE

A

SAMPLE BLANK

62
Q

IT MUST BE KEPT CONSTANT TO HAVE ABSORBANCE PROPORTIONAL CONCENTRATION

A

LIGHT PATH

63
Q

AMOUNT OF LIGHT ABSORBED MAY VARY ACCORDING TO

A

CONCENTRATION, PH OR TEMPERATURE

64
Q

MEASURES: LIGHT EMITTED BURNED IN FLAME

PRINCIPLE: EXCITATION

LIGHT SOURCE: FLAME

A

FLAME EMISSION PHOTOMETRY

65
Q

INTERNAL STTANDARD OF FEP THAT IS USED TO CORRECT FOR VARIATIONS IN FLAME AND ATOMIZER CHARACTERISTICS

A

LITHIUM/ CESIUM

66
Q

IT IS MEASURED BY FEP

A

EXCITED IONS (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM)

67
Q

MEASURES: LIGHT ABSORBED BY HEAT

LIGHT SOURCE: HOLLOW CATHODE TUBE

ACCURATE, PRECISE, VERY SPECIFIC

NO INTERNAL STANDARD

A

AAS

68
Q

IT IS USED TO MODULTAE THE LIGHT SOURCE

A

CHOPPER

69
Q

IT IS ADDED TO AVOID CALCIUM INTERFERENCE

A

LANTHANUM OR STRONTIUM CHLORIDE

70
Q

INTERFERES AAS

A

CHEMICAL
MATRIX
IONIZATION

71
Q

PRINCIPLE: UNKOWN SAMPLE REACTS WITH KNOWN SOLUTION WITH INDICATOR

A

VOLUMETRIC/ TITRIMETRIC

72
Q

EXAMPLES ARE CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM TEST

A

VOLUMTERIC/ TITRIMETRIC

73
Q

FOR LARGE PARTICLES AND BACTERIAL SUSPENSION

PRINCIPLE: LIGHT BLOCKED

DEPENDS ON: CONCENTRATION AND SIZE

MEASURES: REDUCTION OF LIGHT

A

TURBIDIMETRY

74
Q

MEASURES: ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEXES (PROTEIN)

PRINCIPLE: SCATTERED LIGHT

DEPENDS ON: WAVELENGTH AND SIZE

PM TUBE

A

NEPHELOMETRY

75
Q

IT DETERMINES THE NET CHARGE ON A PROTEIN

A

ACIDIC AND BASIC AMINO ACIDS

76
Q

DURING ELECTROPHORESIS PROTEINS ARE?

A

NEGATIVELY CHARGE

MOVES IN ANODE

77
Q

IT IS THE MIGRATIONOF SMALL CHARGED IONS

A

IONTOPHORESIS

78
Q

MIGRATION OF CHARGED MACROMOLECULES

A

ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS

79
Q

NET CHARGE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE DEPENDING ON PH

A

AMPHOTERIC

80
Q

MOVEMENT OF BUFFER IONS AND SOLVENT RELATIVE TO FIXED SUPPORT

A

ELECTROENDOSMOSIS

81
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF MIGRATION

A 
ELECTRIC CHARGE
SIZE AND SHAPE
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
MEDIUM
TEMPERATURE
82
Q

SEPARATES BY SURFACE CHARGE AND MOLECULAR SIZE

A

STRACH GEL

83
Q

SEPARATES BY MOLECULAR SIZE

A

CELLULOSE ACETATE

84
Q

NEUTRAL

SEPARATES BY ELECTRIC CHARGE

NOT BIND TO PROTEIN

A

AGAROSE GEL

85
Q

NEUTRAL

CHARGE AND SIZE

SEPARATES 20 PROTEIN FRACTIONS

FOR ISOENZYMES

A

POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL

86
Q

COMPONENTS OF ELECTROPHORESIS

A 
POWER
MEDIUM
BUFFER
SAMPLE
DETECTOR
87
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND NET CHARGE

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

88
Q

ELETRO MOBILITY AND ZIE AND VISCOSITY RELATIONSHIP

A

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

89
Q

IT DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT AND MOVEMENT OF PROTEINS FOR FIXED VOLTAGE

A

IONIC STRENGTH OF BUFFER

90
Q

IONIC STRENGTH RELATION WITH CURRENT AND DISTANCE

A

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

91
Q

RELATIONSHIP OF PH BUFFER TO MAGNITUDE OF NET CHARGE AND MOBILITY OF ELECTRIC

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

92
Q

AT PH 8.6 GAMMA GLOBULINS MOVE TOWARD THE ___

A

CATHODE

93
Q

IDEAL FOR SEPARATING PROTEINS OF IDENTICAL SIZES BUT WITH DIFFERENT NET CHARGE

A

ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

94
Q

PRINCIPLE: PROTEINS MOVE TO ELECTRIC FIELD UNTIL PH EQUAL TO ISOELECTRIC POINT

A

ISOELECTRIC FOCUING

95
Q

SUPPORT MEDIA FOR ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

A

AGAROSE GEL
POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL
CELLULOSE ACETATE

96
Q

ADVANTAGES OF ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

A

RESOLVE MIXTURE OF PROCTEINS
DETECTS CK AND ALP
IDENTIFY GENETIC VARIANTS
DETECT CSF OLIGOCLONAL BANDING

97
Q

MEASURES ABSORBANCE OF STAIN

SCAN AND QUANTITATE ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERN

A

DENSITOMETRY

98
Q

MOLECULES ARE SEPARATED BY ELECTRO OSMOTIC FLOW

A

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

99
Q

METHOD TO SEPARATE, DETECT,A ND IDENTIFY PROTEINS IN COMPLEX MIXTURE

A

WESTERN BLOTTING

100
Q

SEPARATION OF SOLUBLE COMPONENTS BY SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

101
Q

2 FORMS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

PLANAR AND COLUMN

102
Q

FRACTIONIZATION OF SUGAR AND AMINO ACID

A

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

103
Q

FOR DRUG SCREENING

COMPARING STANDARDS AND SAMPLE PLATE

A

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

104
Q

IN DRUGS, IT IS PH DEPENDENT METHOD

A

EXTRACTION OF DRUGS

105
Q

IT IS A THIN PLASTIC PLATES IMPREGNATED WITH LAYER OF SILICA GEL OR ALUMINA

A

SORBENT

106
Q

IT IS A RELATIVE DISTANCE OF MIGRATION FROM POINT APPLICATION

A

RETENTION FACTOR VALUE

107
Q

FOR SEPARATION OF STEROIDS, BARBITURATES, BLOOD, ALCOHOL AND LIPIDS

BASED ON BOILING POINT

A

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

108
Q

URINE OR BLOOD SAMPLES IN GC ARE INTROG=DUCED USING

A

HYPODERMIC SYRINGE OR AUTOMATED SAMPLER

109
Q

DETECTOR FOR GLC

A

FLAME IONIZATION

110
Q

THE RETENTION TIME OF SOLUTE IN GC OR HPLC

A

tR

111
Q

MOBILE PHASE IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

NITROGEN
HYDROGEN
HELIUM
ARGON

112
Q

SEPARATION BETWEEN GASEOUS MOBILE PHASE AND LIQUID STATIONARY PHASE

A

GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

113
Q

FRACTIONIZATION AND IONIZATION

MUST BE SEPARATED BY GC FIRST

DETECT STRUCTURAL INFORMATION AND DETERMINE MOLECULAR WEIGHT

A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

114
Q
  • GOLD STANDARD FOR DRUG TEST
  • USES ELECTRON BEAM TO SPLIT DRUG
  • QUANTITATIVE
  • FOR XENOBIOTICS, STEROIDS AND PESTICIDES
A

GC-MS

115
Q

IT CAN DETECT 20 INBORN ERRORS FROM SINGLE BLOT

A

TANDEM MASS SPECTROSCOPY (MS/MS)

116
Q

BASED ON DISTRIBUTION OF SOLUTES ON LIQUID MOBILE PHASE AND STATIONARY PHASE

A

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

117
Q

IS THE MOST WIDELY USED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

HPLC

118
Q

FACRTIONIZATION OF DRUGS, HORMONES, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS

USES: TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND DETECTORS

A

HPLC

119
Q

MOBILE PHASE IS MORE POLAR THAN STATIONARY PHASE

A

REVERSE HPLC

120
Q

SEPARACTES ACCORDING TO SIZE AND SHAPE

LARGE MOLECULES REMAIN IN MOBILE PHASE AS TRAVELLING

A

GEL/ SIZE EXCLUSISON/ MOLECULAR SIEVE CHROMATOGRAPHY

121
Q

TYPE OF GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR SEPARATION OF ENZYMES, ANTIBODIESM AND PROTEINS

A

HYDROPHILIC GEL (GEL FILTRATION)

122
Q

TYE OF GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY SEPARATES TAG AND FATTY ACID

A

HYDROPHOBIC GEL (GEL PERMEATION)

123
Q

SEPARATON OF AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

124
Q

SEPARATION IS BASED ON SOLUBILITY

FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND METABOLITES

A

PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY (LIQUID-LIQUID)

125
Q

USED TO SEPARATE AND PREPARE LARGER PROTEINS AND ANTIBODIES

SEPARATE LIPOPROTEINS, CHO, AND HEMOGLOBINS

A

AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAOHY

126
Q

SPEARATION BASED ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION

A

ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY

127
Q

DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT AFTER EXCITATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

A

FLUOROMETRY

128
Q

MEASUERS AMOUNT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON ZERO BACKGROUND

PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

USES 2 MONOCHROMATORS

A

FLUOROMETRY

129
Q

LIGHT SOURCE OF FLUOROMETRY

A

MERCURY ARC AND XENON LAMP

130
Q

IT IS 1000X MORE SENSITIVE THAN SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A

FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINISCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

131
Q

IT IS AFFECTED BY QUENCHING

A

FLUOROMETRY

132
Q

FOR MEASUREMENT OF PORPHYRINS, MAGNSEIUM, CALCIUM AND CATECHOLAMNES

A

FLUOROMETRY

133
Q

IT IS THE MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT OR VOLATGE GENERATED BY ACTIVITY OF IONS

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES

134
Q

MEASURES DIFFERENCE IN VOLTAGE AT CONSTANT CURRENT

NERNST EQUATION

A

POTENTIOMETRY

135
Q

REFERENCE ELECTRODE OF POTENTIOMETRY

A

CALOMER AND SILVER-SILVER CHLORIDE

136
Q

EXAMPLE PH AND PCO2 TEST

A

POTENTIOMETRY

137
Q

MEASURES THE ACTIVITY OF ONE ION

DEPENDS ON MEMBRANE/BARRIER COMPOSITION USED

A

ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE

138
Q

ISE ANALYZERS MEASURES

A

ELECTROLYTE DISSOLVED

139
Q

IT WOULD CAUSE ERROR IN ISE MEMBRANE

A

PROTEIN COATING

140
Q

MEASURES TEH AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY AT FIXED POTENTIAL

ELECTROCHEMICAL TITRATION

DETECTED BY AMPEROMETRY

FARADAYS LAW

A

COULOMETRY

141
Q

EXAMPLE: CHLORIDE TEST (SERUMA DN SEAT)

A

COULOMETRY

142
Q

INTERFERENCE OF COULOMETRY

A

BROMIDE, CYSTEINE, AND CYANIDE

143
Q

MEASURES TEH CURRENT FLOW BY OXIDATION REACTION

A

AMPEROMETRY

144
Q

EXAMPLE: PO2, GLUCOSE, CHLORIDE AND PEROXIDASE

A

AMPEROMETRY

145
Q

MEASURES DIFFERENCES IN CURRENT AT CONSTANT VOLTAGE

ILKOVIC EQUATION

A

POLAROGRAPHY

146
Q

MEASURES CURRENT WHICH POTENTIAL APPLIED

PRECONCENTRATED; MINIMAL ANALYTE

A

VOLTAMMETRY

147
Q

LEAD AND IRON TESTING

A

ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMETRY

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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