ANALYTICAL METHODS Flashcards
IT IS TRANSMITTED VIA ELECTRONIC WAVES BY FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
ENERGY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND ENERGY
PLANCK’S FORMULA
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SUCCESSIVE PEAKS EXPRESSED IN NANOMETERS
WAVELENGTH
400-470NM
VISIBLE SPECTRUM
<400NM
UV LIGHT
> 700NM
INFRARED REGION
IT IS THE NUMBER OF VARIATIONS OF WAVE MOTION PER SECOND
FREQUENCY
RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT IN A NARROWER WAVELENGTH
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT WITHOUT WAVELENGTH
PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT
MEASURES LIGHT TRANSMITTED TO DETERMINE ITS CONCENTRATION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
EMITS RADIATION TAHT CHANGES IN INTENSITY
CONTIMUUM SOURCE
EMITS LIMITED RADIATION AND WAVELNGTH
LINE SOURCE
INTENSE BEAM LIGHT IS DIRECTED THROUGH
MONOCHROMATOR AND SAMPLE
COMMONLY USED LIGHT SOURCE IN VISIBLE AND IR
TUNGSTEN LIGHT BULB
IT GIVES ACCURATE ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENTS AND RESPOSNSE TO CHANGE IN LIGHT INTENSITY
LINEARITY
FACTORS FOR CHOOSING LIGHT SOURCE
- SPECTRUM
- STABILITY
- SOURCE
- RANGE
- TEMPERATURE
ALTERNATIVES FOR COLORIMETRY UV LIGHT
MERCURY ARC
DEUTERIUM LAMP
HYDROGEN LAMP
XENON LAMP
IT MINIMIZES UNWANTED STRAY LIGHT
ENTRANCE SLIT
IT IS A WAVELENGTH OUTSIDE THE BAND CAUSES ABSORBANCE ERROR
STARY LIGHT
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF LOSS OF LINEARUTY AT HIGH ANALYTE CONCENTRATION
STRAY LIGHT
KINDS OF MONOCHROMATORS
PRISMS
DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
FILTER
- GLASS, QUARTZ, SODIUM CHLORIDE
- REFRACTED TO MORE DENSE GLASS
- CAN BE ROTATED
PRISMS
MOST COMMONLY SED AND BETTER RESOLUTION THAN PRISM
DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
–CROWN GLASS
- BENT TO SHARP CORNER
DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
FILTERS HAS SEMI TRANSPARENT SILVER FILMS SUCH AS
MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE
LIGHT BASED ON CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
FILTERS
- REFLECTED
- PASS A WIDE BAND OF RADIANT ENERGY
- LOW TRANSMITTANCE
FILTERS
CONTROLS WIDTH OF LIGHT BEAM
ALLOWS ONLY NARROW FRACTION OF SPECTRUM
EXIT SLIT
THE SPECTRAL PURITY OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER IS REFLECTED BY
BANDPASS
REQUIRED BANDPASS FOR ACCURATE ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT
<1/5
TEH DEGREE OF WAVELENGTH ISOLATION DEPENDS ON
DEVICE
ENTRANCE SLIT
EXIT SLIT
THE RANGE PF WAVELENHTHS BETWEEN POINTS
1/2 PEAK TRANSMITTANCE
BANDPASS
MOST COMMONLY USED CUVETS
ALUMINA SILICA GLASS
CUVET FOR MEASUREMENT OF SOLUTION REQUIRES UV SPECTRUM
QUARTZ/PLASTIC
CUVETS TRANSMIT LIGHT AT >220NM
SILICA OR SOFT GLASS
SOLUTIONS THAT PRODUCES ETCHING
ALKALI SOLUTIONS
DETECTS AND CONVERTS TRANSMITTED LIGHT INTO PHOTOELECTRIC ENERGY
PHOTODETECTOR
- SIMPLIEST, CHEAP, TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
- SELENIUM PLATE WITH SILVER COVER
- NO EXTERNAL VOLTAGE
BARRIER LAYER CELL/ PHOTO CELL/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
IT IS USED IN FILTER PHOTOMETERS WITH WIDE BANDPASS
BARRIER CELL/PHOTOCELL/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
- CATHODE AND ANODE
- GLASS CASE
- PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIAL; GIVES OFF ELECTRONS
- REQUIRES EXTERNAL VOLTAGE
PHOTOTUBE
MOST COMMON TYPE OF DETECTORS
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
- MEASURES VISIBLE AND UV REGIONS
- EXCELLENT SENSITIVITY AND RAPID
- DETECTS AND AMPLIFIES RADIANT ENERGY
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
DISADVANTAGE OF PM TUBE
WILL BURN OUT AT ROOM LIGHT
- EXCELLENT LINEARITY
- MULTITUDE OF WAVELENGTHS
- DETECTS LESS AMOUNT OF LIGHT
PHOTODIODE
DISPLAYS OUTPUT OF DETECTION SYSTEM
GALVANOMETER/AMMETER
IT STATES THAT CONCENTRATION OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ABSORBED LIGHT AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO TRANSMITTED LIGHT
BEER’S LAW
IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE INVERSE LOG OF TRANSMITTANCE
ABSORBANCE
IT IS THE RATIO OF RADIANT ENERGY TRANSMITTED OVER INCIDENT RADIANT ENERGY
PERCENT TRANSMITTANCE
INSTRUMENT THAT SPLITS LIGHT INTO 2 COMPONENTS
DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER
PASSAGE WAY OF BEAM ACCORDING TO DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER
THROUGH THE SAMPLE AND REFERENCE SOLUTION OR BLANK SOLUTION
WHAT DO ADDITIONAL BEAM CORRECTS
LIGHT SOURCE INTENSITY
TYPE OF SAMPLE BEAM
- USES 2 PHOTODETECTORS
- FOR SAMPLE AND REFERENCE BEAM
DOUBLE BEAM IN SPACE
TYPE OF DOUBLE BEAM
- 1 PHOTODETECTOR
- ALTERNATELY ON MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT THROUGH SAMPLE AND REFERENCE CUVET
- CHOPPER
DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME
THE OBSERVED COLOR FROM LIGHT ABSORBED FROM SOLUTION
COMPLEMENTARY COLOR
THEY ARE GREATER IN BLUE REGION THAN IN RED REGION
TURBIDITY
USED TO CHECK WAVELENGTH ACCURACY
DIDYMIUM OR HOLMIUM OXIDE FILTER
VERIFY ABSORBANCE ACCURACY ON LINEARITY
NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTERS AND DICHROMATE SOLUTION
CONTAINS SERUM WITHOUT REAGENT
BLANKING TECHNIQUE
CORRECTS ABSORBANCE CAUSED BY COLOR OF REAGENTS
REAGENT BLANK
MEASURES ABSORBANCE OF SAMPLE IN THE REAGENT IN ABSENCE OF ENDPRODUCT
CORRECTS OPTICAL INTERFERENCE
SAMPLE BLANK
IT MUST BE KEPT CONSTANT TO HAVE ABSORBANCE PROPORTIONAL CONCENTRATION
LIGHT PATH
AMOUNT OF LIGHT ABSORBED MAY VARY ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATION, PH OR TEMPERATURE
MEASURES: LIGHT EMITTED BURNED IN FLAME
PRINCIPLE: EXCITATION
LIGHT SOURCE: FLAME
FLAME EMISSION PHOTOMETRY
INTERNAL STTANDARD OF FEP THAT IS USED TO CORRECT FOR VARIATIONS IN FLAME AND ATOMIZER CHARACTERISTICS
LITHIUM/ CESIUM
IT IS MEASURED BY FEP
EXCITED IONS (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM)
MEASURES: LIGHT ABSORBED BY HEAT
LIGHT SOURCE: HOLLOW CATHODE TUBE
ACCURATE, PRECISE, VERY SPECIFIC
NO INTERNAL STANDARD
AAS
IT IS USED TO MODULTAE THE LIGHT SOURCE
CHOPPER
IT IS ADDED TO AVOID CALCIUM INTERFERENCE
LANTHANUM OR STRONTIUM CHLORIDE
INTERFERES AAS
CHEMICAL
MATRIX
IONIZATION
PRINCIPLE: UNKOWN SAMPLE REACTS WITH KNOWN SOLUTION WITH INDICATOR
VOLUMETRIC/ TITRIMETRIC
EXAMPLES ARE CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM TEST
VOLUMTERIC/ TITRIMETRIC
FOR LARGE PARTICLES AND BACTERIAL SUSPENSION
PRINCIPLE: LIGHT BLOCKED
DEPENDS ON: CONCENTRATION AND SIZE
MEASURES: REDUCTION OF LIGHT
TURBIDIMETRY
MEASURES: ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEXES (PROTEIN)
PRINCIPLE: SCATTERED LIGHT
DEPENDS ON: WAVELENGTH AND SIZE
PM TUBE
NEPHELOMETRY
IT DETERMINES THE NET CHARGE ON A PROTEIN
ACIDIC AND BASIC AMINO ACIDS
DURING ELECTROPHORESIS PROTEINS ARE?
NEGATIVELY CHARGE
MOVES IN ANODE
IT IS THE MIGRATIONOF SMALL CHARGED IONS
IONTOPHORESIS
MIGRATION OF CHARGED MACROMOLECULES
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS
NET CHARGE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE DEPENDING ON PH
AMPHOTERIC
MOVEMENT OF BUFFER IONS AND SOLVENT RELATIVE TO FIXED SUPPORT
ELECTROENDOSMOSIS
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF MIGRATION
ELECTRIC CHARGE SIZE AND SHAPE ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
SEPARATES BY SURFACE CHARGE AND MOLECULAR SIZE
STRACH GEL
SEPARATES BY MOLECULAR SIZE
CELLULOSE ACETATE
NEUTRAL
SEPARATES BY ELECTRIC CHARGE
NOT BIND TO PROTEIN
AGAROSE GEL
NEUTRAL
CHARGE AND SIZE
SEPARATES 20 PROTEIN FRACTIONS
FOR ISOENZYMES
POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL
COMPONENTS OF ELECTROPHORESIS
POWER MEDIUM BUFFER SAMPLE DETECTOR
RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND NET CHARGE
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
ELETRO MOBILITY AND ZIE AND VISCOSITY RELATIONSHIP
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
IT DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT AND MOVEMENT OF PROTEINS FOR FIXED VOLTAGE
IONIC STRENGTH OF BUFFER
IONIC STRENGTH RELATION WITH CURRENT AND DISTANCE
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP OF PH BUFFER TO MAGNITUDE OF NET CHARGE AND MOBILITY OF ELECTRIC
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
AT PH 8.6 GAMMA GLOBULINS MOVE TOWARD THE ___
CATHODE
IDEAL FOR SEPARATING PROTEINS OF IDENTICAL SIZES BUT WITH DIFFERENT NET CHARGE
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
PRINCIPLE: PROTEINS MOVE TO ELECTRIC FIELD UNTIL PH EQUAL TO ISOELECTRIC POINT
ISOELECTRIC FOCUING
SUPPORT MEDIA FOR ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
AGAROSE GEL
POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL
CELLULOSE ACETATE
ADVANTAGES OF ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
RESOLVE MIXTURE OF PROCTEINS
DETECTS CK AND ALP
IDENTIFY GENETIC VARIANTS
DETECT CSF OLIGOCLONAL BANDING
MEASURES ABSORBANCE OF STAIN
SCAN AND QUANTITATE ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERN
DENSITOMETRY
MOLECULES ARE SEPARATED BY ELECTRO OSMOTIC FLOW
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
METHOD TO SEPARATE, DETECT,A ND IDENTIFY PROTEINS IN COMPLEX MIXTURE
WESTERN BLOTTING
SEPARATION OF SOLUBLE COMPONENTS BY SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES
CHROMATOGRAPHY
2 FORMS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
PLANAR AND COLUMN
FRACTIONIZATION OF SUGAR AND AMINO ACID
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
FOR DRUG SCREENING
COMPARING STANDARDS AND SAMPLE PLATE
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
IN DRUGS, IT IS PH DEPENDENT METHOD
EXTRACTION OF DRUGS
IT IS A THIN PLASTIC PLATES IMPREGNATED WITH LAYER OF SILICA GEL OR ALUMINA
SORBENT
IT IS A RELATIVE DISTANCE OF MIGRATION FROM POINT APPLICATION
RETENTION FACTOR VALUE
FOR SEPARATION OF STEROIDS, BARBITURATES, BLOOD, ALCOHOL AND LIPIDS
BASED ON BOILING POINT
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
URINE OR BLOOD SAMPLES IN GC ARE INTROG=DUCED USING
HYPODERMIC SYRINGE OR AUTOMATED SAMPLER
DETECTOR FOR GLC
FLAME IONIZATION
THE RETENTION TIME OF SOLUTE IN GC OR HPLC
tR
MOBILE PHASE IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
NITROGEN
HYDROGEN
HELIUM
ARGON
SEPARATION BETWEEN GASEOUS MOBILE PHASE AND LIQUID STATIONARY PHASE
GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
FRACTIONIZATION AND IONIZATION
MUST BE SEPARATED BY GC FIRST
DETECT STRUCTURAL INFORMATION AND DETERMINE MOLECULAR WEIGHT
MASS SPECTROMETRY
- GOLD STANDARD FOR DRUG TEST
- USES ELECTRON BEAM TO SPLIT DRUG
- QUANTITATIVE
- FOR XENOBIOTICS, STEROIDS AND PESTICIDES
GC-MS
IT CAN DETECT 20 INBORN ERRORS FROM SINGLE BLOT
TANDEM MASS SPECTROSCOPY (MS/MS)
BASED ON DISTRIBUTION OF SOLUTES ON LIQUID MOBILE PHASE AND STATIONARY PHASE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
IS THE MOST WIDELY USED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
HPLC
FACRTIONIZATION OF DRUGS, HORMONES, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS
USES: TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND DETECTORS
HPLC
MOBILE PHASE IS MORE POLAR THAN STATIONARY PHASE
REVERSE HPLC
SEPARACTES ACCORDING TO SIZE AND SHAPE
LARGE MOLECULES REMAIN IN MOBILE PHASE AS TRAVELLING
GEL/ SIZE EXCLUSISON/ MOLECULAR SIEVE CHROMATOGRAPHY
TYPE OF GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR SEPARATION OF ENZYMES, ANTIBODIESM AND PROTEINS
HYDROPHILIC GEL (GEL FILTRATION)
TYE OF GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY SEPARATES TAG AND FATTY ACID
HYDROPHOBIC GEL (GEL PERMEATION)
SEPARATON OF AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
SEPARATION IS BASED ON SOLUBILITY
FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND METABOLITES
PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY (LIQUID-LIQUID)
USED TO SEPARATE AND PREPARE LARGER PROTEINS AND ANTIBODIES
SEPARATE LIPOPROTEINS, CHO, AND HEMOGLOBINS
AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAOHY
SPEARATION BASED ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION
ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT AFTER EXCITATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
FLUOROMETRY
MEASUERS AMOUNT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON ZERO BACKGROUND
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
USES 2 MONOCHROMATORS
FLUOROMETRY
LIGHT SOURCE OF FLUOROMETRY
MERCURY ARC AND XENON LAMP
IT IS 1000X MORE SENSITIVE THAN SPECTROPHOTOMETER
FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINISCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
IT IS AFFECTED BY QUENCHING
FLUOROMETRY
FOR MEASUREMENT OF PORPHYRINS, MAGNSEIUM, CALCIUM AND CATECHOLAMNES
FLUOROMETRY
IT IS THE MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT OR VOLATGE GENERATED BY ACTIVITY OF IONS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES
MEASURES DIFFERENCE IN VOLTAGE AT CONSTANT CURRENT
NERNST EQUATION
POTENTIOMETRY
REFERENCE ELECTRODE OF POTENTIOMETRY
CALOMER AND SILVER-SILVER CHLORIDE
EXAMPLE PH AND PCO2 TEST
POTENTIOMETRY
MEASURES THE ACTIVITY OF ONE ION
DEPENDS ON MEMBRANE/BARRIER COMPOSITION USED
ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE
ISE ANALYZERS MEASURES
ELECTROLYTE DISSOLVED
IT WOULD CAUSE ERROR IN ISE MEMBRANE
PROTEIN COATING
MEASURES TEH AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY AT FIXED POTENTIAL
ELECTROCHEMICAL TITRATION
DETECTED BY AMPEROMETRY
FARADAYS LAW
COULOMETRY
EXAMPLE: CHLORIDE TEST (SERUMA DN SEAT)
COULOMETRY
INTERFERENCE OF COULOMETRY
BROMIDE, CYSTEINE, AND CYANIDE
MEASURES TEH CURRENT FLOW BY OXIDATION REACTION
AMPEROMETRY
EXAMPLE: PO2, GLUCOSE, CHLORIDE AND PEROXIDASE
AMPEROMETRY
MEASURES DIFFERENCES IN CURRENT AT CONSTANT VOLTAGE
ILKOVIC EQUATION
POLAROGRAPHY
MEASURES CURRENT WHICH POTENTIAL APPLIED
PRECONCENTRATED; MINIMAL ANALYTE
VOLTAMMETRY
LEAD AND IRON TESTING
ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMETRY